April 22, 2016

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Summary: In the last chapter, we examined the liver and kidney transplant data for 712 hospitals. This is because we noticed the discrepancies in official data from reports in China and that some data were never updated. So we revised our report with a focus on transplant data in different time frames.

And yet we noticed that the highest number of transplants reported in each hospital’s public announcement was only 200 - 300 per year. However, with further investigation, we found that these were fabricated and manipulated data and were meant to cover up the crimes against humanity that have been committed by the Chinese Communist Party.

This chapter represents the essence of what WOIPFG does best – gathering hard evidence. And the evidence that is revealed will shock anyone who thinks they have a passing familiarity with China’s transplant industry or believes that the persecution of Falun Gong is in any form, routine. In this chapter we will demonstrate that:

The size of China’s transplant volume is exponentially higher than the Chinese medical establishment has portrayed to the outside world.
The majority of the organs that are sourced in China can only come from Falun Gong practitioners. There is literally, no other source that can make up such a vast pool of organs.
The velocity of the live organ harvesting of Falun Gong is steady and in many hospitals, on the rise.
Even though we cannot calculate it at this time, the number of Falun Gong practitioners murdered for their organs over time is far greater than any investigative body, including ours, previously understood.
The mass killings have not been stopped. WOIPFG began a new telephone investigation from August 2015 and found organ transplantation have accelerated in hospitals nationwide. This confirms that a huge number of Falun Gong practitioners still are illegal detained, and the Party is actually accelerating the rate of organ harvesting to kill off the living witness.

While this chapter is built on macro-questions, the following account gives an insight into the micro-structure of China’s mass murder industry:

According to an exclusive report published by the Epoch Times newspaper on March 16, 2014, Chinese affairs expert Yang Guang revealed the real situation of live organ harvesting in a hospital in China. One of Mr. Yang’s former classmates is the deputy head at a hospital affiliated with a medical university (due to safety concerns, we will not reveal the real name of this hospital or that of the deputy head). He is a medical expert who takes care of hospital logistics. This man told Mr. Yang in person how organs are being transplanted inside this hospital. Mr. Yang told the Epoch Times: “One of my former classmates is the deputy head of a hospital affiliated to a certain medical university. He is mainly in charge of logistics, and his daily tasks include supplying medical equipment, importing medicines, replenishing the hospital’s blood bank, blood type matching, arranging and setting prices for organ transplants, as well as arranging lodging and meals for foreign patients, who travel to China for organ transplants.”

This person told Mr. Yang, “Since 2000, the 610 Office in Shenyang provided us with organ donors, who were Falun Gong practitioners. These practitioners had no names or addresses, each was given a code number; and only their gender and age information was provided. The medical staff from our hospital went to prisons, labor camps and brainwashing centers to collect blood samples. Since I provide equipment, medicine, devices for freezing and thermostat control, and arrange medical vehicles whenever they go out to collect blood samples, I have kept complete records with me.”

He also said, “The two hospitals affiliated with our medical university each conducted 2,000-3,000 organ transplants per year. Since there is a live organ donors bank, blood type matching can be completed within a month, sometimes even within 48 hours. As soon as our hospital notified the 610 Office, a prison vehicle would immediately send a matching donor to the hospital. After another round of testing to confirm the blood type, this donor would be sent to different divisions for transplant needs. Oftentimes, liver, kidney and cornea transplants were performed simultaneously. After the operations, the donor would be sent to the cremation furnace, without the procedure of collecting ashes. We only have this donor’s code number, and we only know that he or she was a Falun Gong practitioner. Staff members from the 610 Office were always on site to monitor the entire transplant procedure. The Communist Party committee at higher levels set rules for us to keep all the information confidential. We are not allowed to look into the situation or the number of organ transplants in other hospitals, nor are we allowed to tell others about the organ transplant situation in our hospital. At the end of each year, we would report to our higher-level Party Committee the number of transplants conducted within that year and the code numbers of the organ donors. Immediately after we send out the report, monitored by the 610 Office personnel, we are ordered to delete all the data in our computers.”[1]

I. Overview: The quantity and distribution of hospitals involving organ harvesting from living Falun Gong practitioners

WOIPFG investigated the medical agencies from 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 4 municipalities which involved in organ transplant in Mainland China. The results showed that there are 865 hospitals and 9,500 surgeons which are suspected of the involvement in organ harvesting, including 712 hospitals engaging in liver and kidney transplantation by December 2014.[2] Allocated throughout the Chinese Mainland territory, these assets include 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions, 4 municipalities and 217 prefecture-level cities. The configuration is extremely diverse: military hospitals, armed police force hospitals and quite a few hospitals which don’t actually meet the conventional requirements of organ transplantation, such as Chinese medicine hospitals, forensic hospitals, children's hospitals, county-level hospitals and specialty hospitals.

Click the following link to see the distribution and more information in the Google Map of 865 Chinese medical agencies which were suspected of the involvement in organ harvesting from living Falun Gong practitioners: https://goo.gl/eXnnPE

Figure 6.1 Geographical distribution of 865 Chinese medical agencies which were suspected of the involvement in organ harvesting from living Falun Gong practitioners

1. The Main Methods of Investigation

Collecting data from a hospital’s websites and press releases
Searching the number of transplantation cases in a doctor’s thesis
Recording transplantation quantities of a hospital at different periods
Searching www.archive.org to see the previous archive of a hospital
Conducting a telephone survey to doctors in a hospital
Collecting reports from China's official media
Collating all information obtained to establish a hospital’s database

2. Qualification and composition ratio of hospitals conducting transplantation

After living organ harvesting was exposed, under the pressure of international community, the Chinese Ministry of Health (MOH) published "Hospitals List Approved by the Clinical Application of Organ Transplantation Technology Committee of MOH" on May 23, 2007.[3]

Fully 89 transplantation centers (the PLA 301 Hospital and the PLA 304 Hospital were separated later) were approved to perform organ transplantation. "Hospitals List Appointed to Engaging in Organ Transplantation" was also published at the same time[4], and MOH also issued 18-month temporary permits to 74 transplantation centers. On August 1, 2013, the National Health and Family Planning Commission (NHFPC) published a list of 169 Hospitals Approved to Conduct Organ Transplantation.[5] At the basis of former 164 hospitals, they added 5 hospitals, including Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University (liver and kidney transplantation), the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Medical Unversity (liver and kidney transplantation), Li Huili Hospital of Ningbo City Medical Center (liver and kidney transplantation), Yinzhou Second Hospital of Ningbo City (kidney transplantation), Foshan City People Hospital (liver and kidney transplantation), and Jilin University First Hospital added liver transplantation license and Kunming City First People Hospital added kidney transplantation license.

In these 169 transplantation center issued by NHFPC, there are 18 heart and lung transplantation centers and 151 liver and kidney transplantation centers. The first round of licensed center includes 24 nation-level liver and kidney transplantation centers in military and armed police force, and 53 local liver and kidney transplantation centers approved in 2007. The second round of licensed center included 19 military hospitals and 50 local hospitals appointed to conduct liver and kidney transplantation. Among the last 566 transplantation centers who conducted organ transplantation surgery but haven't licensed from MOH, there are 56 transplantation centers from military and armed police forces, 357 Third Level first class hospitals and 153 transplantation agencies mainly consisting of medium-sized hospitals (including third level second class hospitals and second level hospitals).

To avoid the uncertainties caused by several organs coming from one donor, this report only gave statistics of kidney and liver transplantations, and calculated the number of slaughtered on the basis of the quantity of kidney transplantation. Other types of organ transplantations were not included. The statistic sorted the 712 liver and kidney transplantation hospitals investigated by WOIPFG based on the liver and kidney transplantation qualifications and the size of transplantation centers as well as the nature of being military hospitals or local hospitals.[6]

Table 6.1 The classifications of 712 hospitals engaging in liver and kidney transplantation

169 transplantation hospitals appointed by MOH	#
The First Round of Local Hospitals for Liver and Kidney Transplantation	53
Military Hospitals	43
The Second Round of Local Hospitals: Liver and Kidney Transplantations	16
The Second Round of Local Hospitals: Kidney Transplantations	26
The Second Round of Local Hospitals: Liver Transplantations	13
Subtotal	151
Unlicensed hospitals by MOH, but conduct transplant surgery (from 2000 to May 1, 2007)
Military Hospitals and Armed Police Cop Hospitals	56
Local Third Level Grade A hospital	352
Other Unlicensed Transplant Center (Third Level Grade B and Second Level)	153
Subtotal	561
Total	712

In order to allow readers to see the real transplant situation of Chinese hospital, we listed the information of all kinds of hospitals in VII~X of this chapter.

II. Deducing total kidney and liver transplants

We used two approaches, namely, Hospital Categorization and Summation Method, and Inferred Method to estimate the real number of liver or kidney transplants, as well as to gain insight into the corresponding victims.

1. The First Approach: Hospital Categorization and Summation

In this approach, we categorize hospitals by their transplantation capability in specific types of surgeries. Data were acquired from Chinese or global major media reports, the official websites of the CCP’s governmental agencies or hospitals, transplantation records in professional research papers, and telephone surveys. Our approach also takes into account each hospital’s industry position, state ranking, number of transplant surgeons and hospitalization beds, and other available information to estimate the real number of its annual transplants.

1) Category One: 96 hospitals licensed by the CCP’s Ministry of Health that perform approximately 2000 to 3000 transplants each year

In this category, each hospital is estimated to perform 2,000 to 3,000 transplants each year. There are 43 military hospitals and 53 first-group-licensed local liver or kidney transplantation hospitals in this category.

The 53 local hospitals were among the first ones licensed by the Ministry of Health to perform liver or kidney transplants. These hospitals are either state-level liver or kidney transplantation centers or leading hospitals in municipalities or provincial capitals. They were the very earliest hospitals in China to perform research in organ transplantation and its clinical application. They had the best technical strength and controlled most market share when they were issued the license. These hospitals lead locally or nationally in transplant quantity.

The other 43 military hospitals, all of which are of Class-3 Grade-A, are either affiliation to various army branches, well-known hospitals in major cities or subsidiary hospitals of key universities. They usually have the best equipment or technical teams among Chinese hospitals. Especially after the CCP began the persecution of Falun Gong, a large number of whole-PLA or military-region level organ transplantation centers were established and financially supported by the CCP government. They had become the main forces in executing live organ harvest. Zhang Yanling, Minister of Health of the General Logistics Department of the PLA, revealed the following fact to Xinhua in 2008. “Back to 1978, only three military hospitals in China were capable of performing kidney transplants. Currently, there have been 40 military hospitals that perform liver, kidney, heart, lung or combined transplants.[7]” Actually, there are about a hundred affiliated institutions to Armed Police or Army system that perform organ transplantation.

The list of 53 local hospitals: Tianjin First Central Hospital, Peking University People’s Hospital, Wuhan Tongji Hospital, Shenyang First Subsidiary Hospital of China Medical University, Subsidiary Southern Hospital of Southern Medical University, Subsidiary Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Subsidiary Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Peking Union Hospital, Subsidiary Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, First Subsidiary Hospital of Zhejiang University, First Subsidiary Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Third Subsidiary Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, First Subsidiary Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong University, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, Subsidiary Huaxi Hospital of Sichuan University, First Subsidiary Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University and others (see VII).

The list of 43 Military Hospitals: PLA 309 Hospital, General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Subsidiary Changzheng Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, General Hospital of Armed Police, PLA General Hospital (PLA 301 Hospital), Subsidiary Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital of Second Military Medical University, Subsidiary Southwestern Hospital of Third Military Medical University, and others (see VII).

2) Category Two: 50 second-group-licensed hospitals by the CCP’s Ministry of Health that perform approximately 400 to 1,000 or more transplants per year

Most transplantation centers in this category are provincial hospitals or affiliated hospitals of universities located at provincial cities. The transplant quantities of these hospitals are all top in local areas.

Examples: The list of second-group-licensed local hospitals for liver and kidney transplants (16 hospitals): Baotou Steel Hospital, Anhui Provincial Hospital, First Subsidiary Hospital of Anhui Medical University, First Subsidiary Hospital of Nanchang Hospital, Jiangxi Provincial People’s Hospital, and others.

The list of second-group-licensed local hospitals for liver transplants (13 hospitals): Shanxi Provincial People’s Hospital, First Subsidiary Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Second Subsidiary Hospital of Dalian Medical University, First Subsidiary Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Liaocheng Municipal People’s Hospital and others.

The list of second-group-licensed local hospitals for kidney transplants (26 hospitals): Dalian Friendship Hospital, Anshan Steel General Hospital, Tai’an Municipal Central Hospital, Weifang Municipal People’s Hospital, First Subsidiary Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dongfeng Motor General Hospital and others (see Chapter 6, VIII).

3) Category Three: unlicensed hospitals by the CCP’s Ministry of Health that perform organ transplants

There are 566 hospitals that have not been licensed by the Ministry of Health to conduct organ transplants, including 56 hospitals affiliated to the Armed Police system, 357 local Grade-3 Class-A hospitals, 153 other hospitals of Grade-3, Class-B or Grade-2. In IX of this chapter, we list 33 unlicensed hospitals that conduct a large number of organ transplants. Most of these hospitals are Grade-3, Class-A hospitals with domestically top-class equipment and technical strength.

In addition, the experts have estimated that before 2006, the total number of organ transplants performed by the 80% medium-scale agencies was no less than that performed by the 20% large-scale transplantation centers. Some of the medium-scale agencies might have performed an astonishingly large number of transplants. Even after the transplant license system was introduced by the Ministry of Health, many unlicensed hospitals had not suspended their business. Compared to larger ones, these medium- or small-scale hospitals have more flexibility in operation and management. Real restrictions have not been imposed on numerous unlicensed hospitals affiliated to Army or Armed Police system which have abundant organ sources. The scale of transplantation by these agencies cannot be underestimated.

Hospitals in this category includes PLA 175 Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Hunan Provincial People’s Hospital, Dongguan (Humen) Taiping People’s Hospital, Xi’an Hi-Tech Zone Hospital, Guangzhou Economic and Technological Development Zone Hospital, PLA 205 Hospital, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Subsidiary Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, two affiliated hospitals of Tsinghua University, First Affiliated Hospital Urology Center of Tsinghua University and others (see IX of this chapter). And the PLA 175 Hospital of Nanjing Military Region conduct at least 3000 transplants each year, cited by China Times.

4) Category Four: unqualified and substandard small-scale hospitals are also involved in organ transplantation

Numerous unqualified, substandard medium-scale hospitals, maternal and children care service centers, forensic medical service centers, occupational disease care centers, and other irrelevant special hospitals have also been involved in organ transplantation business for profits in an uncontrolled manner. The number of transplants performed by such agencies is very difficult to estimate.

Hospitals in this category includes Kunming Forensic Hospital, Weifang Rende Hospital, Gongyi Municipal Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Changde Municipal Third People’s Hospital, Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital, Taizhou Municipal People’s Hospital, Qidu Hospital (Linzi District Maternal and Child Care Service Center of Zibo City), Qixia Municipal People’s Hospital and others (see X of this chapter).

2. The second approach: calculation of actual transplant numbers based on inference method

Start with a small example. The number of liver transplants in a small-scale hospital was 20 times as the threshold standard of liver transplant issued by MOH in 2006, reported by Radio Free Asia. As we know, the MOH had published one requirement for a transplant institute: the threshold standard of liver transplant of 20 cases per year, and that of kidney transplant was 30 cases per year (See the liver, kidney, heart, lung transplantation management practices issued by MOH).[8] Yet on August 18, 2014, Radio Free Asia (RFA) reported Ms. Lin, the VP of a large company who just attended the 2014 World Organ Transplant Conference, said, “I asked a liver transplant expert from China in person. His hospital performed 100 transplants in three months, and his hospital is not in one of those big cities. If this number multiplied by 50 transplant centers like this, then the number would be 18,000 cases each year[9]. And RFA reported the number of liver transplant in small-scale hospital was 400 cases per year, that was as 20 times as the threshold standard of liver transplant issued by MOH in 2006.

Figure 6.2 August 2014, Radio Free Asia webpage Cached

The number of liver transplant in small-scale hospital was more than 10 times as that of openly release by hospital itself.

In Chapter 5, we got the transplant data from public statistics database, the average liver transplant quantity of each hospital was 39 cases per year from 2000 to 2014, and the average number of kidney transplant was 95 cases per year. The hospitals were granted the transplantation license from MOH. According to the report of RFA, we saw 400 cases of liver transplant per year of each small-scale hospital[10], more than 10 times of the licensed hospitals.

Table 6.2 Liver/Kidney Transplant Hospitals Designated by the Ministry of Health

Transplantation Project	Number of hospital	Quantity of transplant	Amount of transplant before 2000	Amount of transplant from 2000 to 2014	Annual number of transplants per hospital since 2000
Liver Transplant	144	234,224	29,290	204,934	95
Kidney Transplant	135	79,461	196	79,265	39
Total		319,715	29,486	284,199	122
Percentage of total transplantation number		80%

Note: The total transplantation number is 401,678.

3) After comparing these 11 hospitals, we discovered that the actual numbers of organ transplants at these hospitals are at least 10 times of that of the publicly disclosed

We choose 11 hospitals by random, and we discovered that the actual numbers of organ transplants at these hospitals are about 10 to 20 times of these hospitals’ publicly disclosed organ transplant numbers, see table 6.3.

Figure 6.3 The Comparison between the actual transplant numbers and hospital disclosed numbers

After comparing these 11 hospitals, we discovered that the actual numbers of organ transplants at these hospitals are more than 10 times the hospitals’ publicly disclosed organ transplant numbers. (Peking Union Medical College Hospital is excluded from the table, since they disclosed only one case of organ transplant.)

4) In Chapter 5, there were 278 hospitals that we estimated as performing 1 to 5 transplants but the actual number of the liver and kidney transplants in these hospitals could be more 10 to 20 times than that disclosed

In Chapter 5, when we calculated the publicly number of transplant, there were 279 hospitals which should be given 1 to 5 cases of transplant per year. And there were 176 hospitals where we gave the number of transplants as 1 case per year.

This means that in the past 15 years (2000-2014), the real total transplant number was 10 times more than publicly transplant number, even if we calculated by 10-50 cases.

Table 6.3 List of estimates (1-5 cases) for hospitals that admit to carrying out transplants but don’t disclose specific transplant numbers

total transplant number from1 to 5 cases	Number of kidney transplant hospitals	Number of liver transplant hospitals	Total
1 case	100	76	176
2 cases	7	14	21
3 cases	10	15	25
4 to 5 cases	46	17	63
Total	163	122	285

In summary, based on the above analysis, we estimated that actual total number of liver and kidney transplants was several times, even 10 times more than the sum of the transplant numbers publicly released by hospitals in China.

III. Three organ transplant experts confirm that the actual number of transplants far exceeds official published number

1. Wu Mengchao: The CCP’s quantity of liver transplant is first in the world

On May 11, 2011, Wu Mengchao and his student Wang Hongyang were interviewed by Sina. The host Yin Jun asked, “Which level is China in liver transplants?" Wu Mengchao replied, “At present, the number of liver transplant is the biggest in the world, and both the quality and results are good and have caught up with the international level.[11]" As for United State, the number of Liver Transplant was about 6,000 cases per year[12], and the MOH claimed the number of liver transplant was more than 2,000 cases per year after 2010.

Figure 6.4 2011 May, Sina Health webpage Cached

Wu Mengchao is the president of the Eastern Hepatobiliary Hospital of Second Military Medical University, the director of the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, the vice-director of the expert team at General Logistics Department of PLA, and the vice-chairman of the PLA Medical Science and Technology Committee.[13]

In 2007, there were 80 liver transplant centers licensed by MOH, and even the number of liver transplant located in small cities were numerous, as the Ms. Lin case shows (see page 17). As we know, the number of liver transplant centers in China exceeds what Ms. Lin said. There were 80 liver transplant centers in China, the national level and the provincial level center are 35 and 45 respectively[14]. If 400 cases of liver transplants are done at a provincial level transplant center, and 1,000 cases at a larger center, then the total annual transplant number would be 51,000 cases.

2. He Xiaoshun: “The number of national liver transplant in 2000 is 10 times more than that in 1999. In 2005, the number has tripled since 2000.”

He Xiaoshun is an expert in the Central Care Committee, the member of Chinese Human Organ Donation’s Experts Committee[15], academic leader of Organ Transplant Studies and Vice-President of the First Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University.[16] On November 5, 2013, an article titled “Inside Story of Human Organ Trading in China” was published on Phoenix Magazine Network. It said: “The year 2000 is the watershed of China’s organ transplant industry…The number of national liver transplant in 2000 is 10 times more than that in 1999. In 2005, the number has tripled since 2000.”[17]

Figure 6.6 Sina news webpage Cached in 2013, Nov.

In 1999, China had 118 cases of liver transplant[18]. According to He Xiaoshun, in 2005 alone, the number of China’s liver transplants reached 5,192 cases. At that time, liver transplants were on the rise, and a large number of liver transplant surgeons, including some military surgeons were trained. So how many livers were transplanted after 2005? For example, how many livers were transplanted in 2006, including emergency transplants?

Huang Jiefu once worked at the First Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University, where he was promoted to the deputy president of MOH. This hospital claimed "the largest number of species organ transplants, and the total scale of transplant rank 2nd place nationally."[19] We do not know the accurate transplant number of this hospital, but considering that Tianjin First Central Hospital carried out 5,400-8,000 cases in 2006-2013 per year with 500 beds (See IX-1), and the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University exceed 5,000 cases per year with 460 beds, we wonder if the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University could exceed 5,000 cases per year.

3. The secret behind Huang Jiefu’s strange remarks

On January 12, 2015, Phoenix Television reported, “Huang Jiefu Recalls His First Participation in Organ Transplants from Executed Prisoners, and his Disclosing Supported by China’s Central Government.”[20] Asked by host Sally Wu: “We (China) have more than 600 organ transplant hospitals. That is a lot. Is that because of the large gap between supply and demand (in organs)?” Huang’s response was surprising. He said, “Why the annual organ transplant surgeries are less than 10,000 cases? First, there is the economic factor. A transplant surgery is expensive, not many common Chinese people can afford it. Second, we do have many qualified hospitals, but we don’t have enough skilled and experienced transplant surgeons. The third is that we don’t have sufficient donors. But we cannot blame everything on the donors. Even we have abundant donors, we still couldn't operate all transplant surgery with lacking of hospitals and doctors.”

As we know, the CCP has recently been hyping up that 1.5 million patients are waiting for organ transplants, the number of executed prisoners has been decreased, there are very few voluntary donors, and the quantity of transplant surgeries in China’s hospitals has decreased due to the shortage of donors. Huang Jiefu should have responded that the lack of donors was the first reason, that accords with the Party’s propaganda. But on the contrary, he emphasized that the most important reason was that many people couldn’t afford such surgeries. (Note: when being interviewed by Phoenix Health on March 15, 2015, Huang Jiefu claimed that 22,000 wealthy patients were waiting for organ transplants[21]). Then, the second reason given was that there were not enough hospitals or qualified surgeons.

On January 2015, CCP announced that they would stop using executed prisoner's organs and there are only a few thousands of voluntary donors each year. But there are 165 hospitals conducting organ transplant surgery in China, and yet Huang Jiefu’s main concern seems to be the lack of rich patients and qualified surgeons and hospitals.

So there is only one reasonable explanation for Huang’s strange answer: There are plenty of organs because there are still ample supplies of Falun Gong practitioners.

This also accords with the abnormal phenomenon of hospitals accelerated organ transplants after the first WOIPFG organ harvesting investigation report in July 2015. The waiting time of organ transplant is shorter, the number of transplant is increased sharply and the hospital is attracting patients.

IV. One surprising witness: German surgeon said one Chinese hospital conducted 2,000 cases of transplant per year

German surgeon Dr. Torsten Trey claimed, in 2006 one surgeon of one Tianjin hospital told his hospital had conducted 2,000 cases of liver transplant per year[22].

Figure 6.7 The picture of Dr. Torsten, sources from The Epoch Times

On July 24, 2006, Dr. Torsten Trey attended the first World Organ Transplant academic conference from Germany to Boston. He revealed that during the conference, one surgeon from Tianjin told him his hospital was one of the three hospitals could perform organ transplant surgey, and they had conducted about 2,000 cases of liver transplants in one year. Toston said, "This number is more than the total of operation in Germany, we have to ask where their liver donor come from?"

V. Testimony from Yang Guang

1. Falun Gong Practitioners are organ harvested by area hospitals on a mass scale

On July 2015, Yang Guang, a Chinese dissident now lives in Denmark, wrote a letter to New Tang Dynasty Television Station (NTDTV). He mentioned his friend worked in the Ministry of Public Security, and he was in charge of an intelligence station at a large coastal city and had excellent connections. In the New Year of 2012, Yang received a call from him. Yang asked his friend about organ harvesting. Yang said: “he told me on the phone, in the last ten years, the general hospitals’ organ transplant(organ harvesting) was leading to more than 500,000 unnatural deaths of Falun Gong practitioners. This figure was only what he knew from general hospitals’ statistics, such as People’s hospitals and municipality hospitals. The number of organ transplants from the Armed Police Hospital, Military hospital and Police hospitals were not included.”[23]

2.Two Affiliated Hospitals of a Medical University in Big City Conducted 2,000 ~ 3,000 cases of Organ Transplants per year

According to an exclusive report published by the Epoch Times on March 16, 2014, Chinese affairs expert Yang Guang revealed the real situation of live organ harvesting at the affiliated hospital of medical universities in China. One of Mr. Yang’s former classmates is the vice president at a hospital affiliated with a medical university (due to safety concerns, we will not reveal the real name of this hospital or that of the vice president). He is a medical expert who takes care of hospital logistics. This man told Mr. Yang in person the secret of how organs are being transplanted inside this hospital.

Mr. Yang told the Epoch Times, “One of my former classmates is the vice president of a hospital affiliated to this medical university. He is mainly in charge of logistics, and his daily tasks include supplying medical equipment, importing medicines, replenishing the hospital’s blood bank, blood type matching, arranging and setting prices for organ transplants, as well as arranging lodging and meals for foreign patients, who travel to China for organ transplants.” The vice president told Mr. Yang, “Since 2000, the 610 Office in Shenyang provided us with organ donors from Falun Gong practitioners. These practitioners had no names or addresses, each was given a code number, only their gender and age information were provided. We assigned the staff to prisons, labor camps and brainwashing centers to collect blood samples. I needed providing equipment, medicine, devices for freezing and insulation, and arrange medical vehicles whenever they went for collecting blood samples, so I have kept complete records with me.” He continued, “The two hospitals affiliated to our medical university conducted 2,000 to 3,000 organ transplants every year. Since a live organ donor bank is available, it takes at most a month to complete blood type matching, sometimes within 48 hours. As soon as our hospital notified the 610 Office, a prison vehicle would immediately send a matching donor to the hospital. After another round of testing to confirm the blood type, surgeons at different divisions, normally liver, kidney and cornea surgeons would begin organ transplants simultaneously. The remaining of the donor would be pushed into the incinerator, no ashes collected. We only know this donor’s code number, and he or she was a Falun Gong practitioner. The members from 610 Office were always be on site to monitor the entire transplant procedure…The CCP … set rules for us to keep everything confidential. We are prohibited to ask the organ transplant situation and transplant amount in other hospitals, or disclose any such kind of information in our hospital. At the end of each year, we must report to our higher-level Party Committee code numbers of those organ donors and the amount of organ transplanted, and then we must delete all related data in our computer under the 610 Office personnel’s watch.” [24]

Yang said: “He told me, there are only 10 Class A large cities in China, less than 50 publicly executed prisoners are available for organ transplants each year in each city. However, his two affiliated hospitals have more than 2,000 cases of organ transplants surgeries operated every year. Furthermore, some senior Communist Party cadres and their relatives refuse to accept organs from executed prisoners, and made it clear that donors must be young. Therefore, organs from executed prisoners generally are transplanted to foreigners. For foreigners, the charge rates are various, depending on specific circumstances, such as organ category, how difficult to transplant, foreigners’ identity and social status, the general charges per case is from $500,000 to $1 million. If the foreign patient is a wealthy businessman or politician, and he is in urgent need of life-saving organ, we press him $2 million. We charged a Japanese lady $5 million when she got a young girl's liver, code numbered 020014.

VI. The latest investigative phone recording of Chinese Vice Premier Zhang Gaoli

Here is part of the investigation audio.

（Audio download: MP3 )

The following is part of the audio script:

Officer Li Guang: Hello?
Investigator: Is this Officer Li Guang?
Officer Li Guang: Hello!
Investigator: Hello, is Comrade Zhang Gaoli near you? This is Secretary Liu of Comrade Jiang Zemin’s Office.
Officer Li Guang: Hello, Secretary Liu.
Officer Li Guang: Vice Premier Zhang is not yet here.
Investigator: When will he be there?
Officer Li Guang: He needs at least another 40 minutes.
Investigator: Alright, I will call back in one hour, 50 minutes, is that ok?
Officer Li Guang: Yes.
Officer Li Guang: Hello
Investigator: Is this Officer Li Guang? This is Secretary Liu.
Officer Li Guang: Hello!
Investigator: Is Comrade Zhang Gaoli back?
Officer Li Guang: Please wait a moment. I will hand over the cellphone immediately.
Investigator: Ok, thank you.
Officer Li Guang: Ok.

Zhang Gaoli: Hi, this is Zhang Gaoli.
Investigator: This is Secretary Liu from the Comrade Jiang Zemin’s Office.
Zhang Gaoli: Hello, Secretary Liu.
Investigator: Hello! Comrade Jiang Zemin wants me to tell you a few words. He said that recently over 10,000 Falun Gong practitioners sued him at the Supreme Procuratorate. They accused Comrade Jiang Zemin of ordering the removal of organs from millions of Falun Gong practitioners, and they want Jiang to be accountable for this matter. So Jiang Zemin is very worried about this. He hopes…
Zhang Gaoli: Ah.
Investigator: He hopes at the Politburo meeting, you would prevent the pursuit of this matter.
Zhang Gaoli: Ok.
Investigator: Can you do that?
Zhang Gaoli: Yes, yes, yes.
Investigator: You know, the responsibility of live harvesting organs from several million Falun Gong practitioners is enormous. You know that, right? You understand.
Zhang Gaoli: I am now in Kazakhstan.
Investigator: Right.
Zhang Gaoli: I just got off the plane.
Investigator: Yes, I am saying when you go back, when you go back, you need to take care of this matter…
Zhang Gaoli: Tell President Jiang not to worry.
Investigator: There is another matter.
Zhang Gaoli: I.. I…
Investigator: that I would like to ask you.
Zhang Gaoli: I definitely will.
Investigator: You must stop this matter, you know.
Zhang Gaoli: Yes, I will.
Investigator: Comrade Jiang Zemin ordered the removal of organs from millions of Falun Gong practitioners, the responsibility of this matter is very serious.
Zhang Gaoli: ah, um, ah, I wish President Jiang health and longevity. I wish President Jiang health and longevity.
Investigator: When you go back, you must take care of this matter immediately. Also, the rest of the Falun Gong practitioners should be taken care of as well. No mistakes allowed.
Zhang Gaoli: Yes, yes, yes.
Investigator: Alright.
Zhang Gaoli: OK, ok, ok.
Investigator: Bye.

VII. 96 hospitals suspected of 1,000 - 8,000 transplants per year

1. The real number of liver and kidney transplants at Tianjin First Central Hospital was over 5,000 cases per year since 2006, and even acheived 8,000 cases at the peak time.

The organ transplant center of Tianjin First Central Hospital is founded by Shen Zhongyang in 1998. In 2002, the hospital founded the institute of organ transplant research. The center included transplantation surgery, transplantation medicine, transplantation ICU, transplant follow-up, anesthesia, imaging, pathology, ultrasound, transplant laboratories, etc. It can simultaneously carry out liver transplant, kidney transplant, pancreas and small intestine transplant, heart, and lung transplant.[25]

Tianjin First Central Hospital claimed the number of liver transplant exceeded over 10,000 cases until Nov. 2014.[26] However, as this hospital has a high occupancy rate of hospital beds, a huge scale recently-built transplant center building, and more than 100 transplant surgeons, we suspect that the real number of transplants could be much higher.

We conducted analyses from three aspects, and had come to the same conclusion that the number of liver and kidney transplants at this hospital exceeds 5,000 per year.

1) Based on the analysis of bed turnover rate, the number of liver and kidney transplant should exceed 5,000 cases per year since 2006, and nearly 8,000 cases of organ transplant in 2013

The bed occupancy rate (BOR) is a measure of utilization of the available bed capacity. It indicates the percentage of beds occupied by patients, equal the ratio of actual beds occupied divided the total beds.[27] The BOR of Chinese Three Grade and First Class Hospital were 103%.[28]

The Tianjin city government invested 170 million RMB into the building of Oriental Organ Transplantation Center, Tianjin First Central Hospital. The building's construction area is 46,000 square meters, and was put into use in August 2006.[29]

Figure 6.8 The Web Snapshot of Baidu Encyclopedia

The building launched operations on Sep. 1, 2006[30], with 500 beds[31], with the focus on the development of liver and kidney transplants.[32]

Figure 6.9 Web Snapshot of the Tianjin First Central Hospital

The renovation project specification in 2006 of Tianjin First Central Hospital said, "The BOR of kidney transplant arrived above of 90%." And the average length of stay for a liver transplant is 25-30 days[33]. In China, the length of stay for kidney transplant is also less than 30 days.

Figure 6.10 Web Snapshot of the Tianjin First Central Hospital

In 2006, the transplant center was estimated to have completed 5,475 liver and kidney transplants in 2006 (500 X 365/30 x 90%=5475). The estimate was based on the bed number multiplied with the days of year, and multiplied with the BOR, then divided by the average length of hospital stay, equals the number of liver and kidney transplants in a whole year. In other words, 500 beds with the average patient staying 25-30 days and a fairly high occupancy rate equals 5000 transplants.

Those assumptions are actually conservative when one considers the public reports of Tianjin First Central Hospital; there are statements such as, “in 2013, different divisions at our hospital all made progress, to a greater or lesser extent…The occupancy rate of hospital beds increased 5.7%, when compared with the same period in 2012, to become 131.1%. So the hospital increased the number of beds from around 1,200 to 1,500; and the transplant center also had an increase in hospital beds.”[34]

Figure 6.11The introduction of Tianjin First Central Hospital on the Web cache of Tianjin Northern, June 25, 2014

It can be seen that the occupancy rates of the hospital beds at the transplant center has been increasing all the time, and the rates surpassed the average occupancy rate of the hospital. This means, this transplant center used the hospital beds 239,200 times a year (=500×365×131.1%). The average length of stay for a liver transplant is 25-30 days. In China, the length of stay for kidney transplant is also less than 30 days. Therefore, if all the transplants at this center were liver or kidney transplants, the number of patients who received transplant operation at this center could reach nearly 8,000 cases per year (500×365×131.1%/30 = 7,975).

There were two reasons that the number of transplants at this hospital should be much higher than the above we calculated. First, our above calculation was based on the assumption that the bed turnover rate of the organ transplant center was the same as the one for the entire hospital. But the bed turnover rate of the center was higher than that of hospital, so the actual number of transplants at this hospital should be higher. Second, as for the average hospitalization time for kidney transplant patients, we have not found any related reports from Tianjin First Central Hospital; we therefore quoted the average hospitalization time of 30 days in many hospitals in China as a reference. However, we later found out that some hospitals shortened the time to 20 days. For example, West China Hospital claimed that “the average length of stay for kidney transplants used to be 30 days. Now it is shortened to around 20 days. As a result, the bed turnover rate is greatly enhanced, and made it easier for patients to receive kidney transplant treatment.”[35]

2) From the surgeons' work and daily transplant data, the real transplant number should reach 5,000 cases per year

This is such an astonishing number that it sounds inconceivable. However, when we review an old report on Phoenix Weekly (Issue 5, 2006) titled “Investigation on Foreigners Going to China for Organ Transplants”, we find this number is not so inconceivable.[36] Tianjin First Central Hospital set a record in December 2004 when they completed 44 liver transplants in one week. If they only performed organ transplants on the five business days every week, then it would be an average of 8.8 cases per day. At the end of 2005, the relative of patients told Phoenix Weekly, this center had a record of performed 24 cases of liver and kidney transplant surgery in one day.

Figure 6.12 Snapshot of Chinese transplantation website

At that time, the hospital had four liver transplantation teams, each capable of conducting more than two liver transplants per day. Yet by the time when the article was written in 2006, the 2004 record had become a very small number of organ transplants. By then, the transplant surgeons of Tianjin First Central Hospital had almost no days off: “The transplant surgeons at this hospital were so busy shuffling between hospital wards and operation rooms that, they didn’t even have time to greet one another. They were often heard saying ‘too busy these several days, more than 10 operations a day…Some surgeons even performed operations overnight, without having any sleep …We performing liver transplants also has peak season and off season. …However, some surgeons complained that the only slow season for liver transplants is the month after the Chinese New Year. They are very busy for the rest of the year, especially before the Chinese New Year. They didn’t have much time to stay at home.”

Figure 6.13 Snapshot of Chinese transplantation website

The article reported, “more than 10 operations a day” means 11 to 19 cases, which was the daily transplant quantity before the new transplant center building was completed. At that time, they had four liver transplant teams, three kidney transplant teams and 120 beds.[37] After the completion of the new transplant center in September 2006, the hospital beds were increased to 500, and the surgeons were able to perform 9 liver transplants and 8 kidney transplants simultaneously.[38] The number of beds is more than four times the previous number, which would allow the surgeons to perform 17 surgeries simultaneously. Assuming they conduct 17 surgeries per day, and the surgeons have almost no off days, we estimated that they could complete 6,205 cases of transplant per year.

WOIPFG published a list of transplant surgeons of Tianjin First Central Hospital because the number of transplant surgeons is staggering. Among the liver and kidney transplant surgeons alone, we found in medical theses that 110 surgeons had conducted surgeries, including 21 chief surgeons, 25 deputy chief surgeons, 13 attending surgeons and 51 others.[39]

Since 1999, liver and kidney transplants had become the routine clinical surgery of the center.[40] In Jan. 2015, Tonight Media Group reported, "Under the guidance of Shen Zhongyang, the new surgeons conducted nearly 1,000 cases of liver transplant."[41] The 110 surgeons are suspected of conducting more than 1,000 cases per year. Based on the above analysis, we believe that the number of liver and kidney transplants at this hospital reached more than 5,000 in 2006, and in some years, it could exceed 8,000 cases.

2. PLA No. 309 Hospital had over 3,000 kidney transplants per year

The transplant center at People’s Liberation Army’s(PLA) No. 309 Hospital was established in April 2002. In October 2005, it was named the PLA Organ Transplant Center by the PLA General Logistics Department of the Ministry of Health. In 2011, it was renamed the PLA Organ Transplant Research Institute by the same department.[42]

Figure 6.14 Web snapshot of Chinese Scientific Registry of Kidney Transplantation

The PLA No. 309 Hospital is also the Data Center for the Management Committee of the Chinese Scientific Registry of Kidney Transplantation (CSRKT). CSRKT was established by the Ministry of Health.[43] The person in charge, Shi Bingyi, is an influential figure in the community of organ transplantation in China. He is also the vice chairman of the PLA Organ Transplant Professional Committee, and he has hosted the PLA Organ Transplant Conferences many times.[44]

We made the conclusion- the actual number of kidney transplants of PLA 309 Hospital exceeded 3,000 cases every year - based on three deductions.

1)The number of this hospital beds and turnover rates are much higher than average hospitals; 2) There is a large number of transplant surgeons at this hospital. 3) This hospital ranked No. 1 in kidney transplants in China between 2007 and 2009. These three aspects confirm and support one another.

1) Based on the number of hospital beds and turnover rates, it can be calculated that kidney transplant operations are between 3,000 and 4,000 a year

In 2010, the hospital's organ transplant center had "316 beds. [45]"

The 309 Hospital’s Transplant Center had 393 beds in 2012.[46] Annual capacity and turnover rates of the Organ Transplantation Center were "in the leading positions when compared with other divisions of PLA hospitals."[47] Compared with Tianjin First Central Hospital's bed turnover rate which was over 131.1% in 2013,[48] we premised that the 309 Hospital’s turnover rate be 100%. Assuming the average hospitalization time for kidney or liver transplant patients is 30 days, the number of kidney or liver transplants was approximately estimated 3,844 cases per year (please refer to the calculation method in the previous section, for Tianjin First Central Hospital).

2) With a large, skillful team, the PLA No. 309 Hospital’s capacity is easily 3,000 transplants every year

From the data analysis chapter, we learned that Xi’an’s Gaoxin Hospital was a second-tier private hospital in 2005, but it was able to perform 500 cases of transplants in the first two years with 6 or 7 surgeons, simply because they hired Shi Bingyi from the 309 Hospital as their Principal Consultant.[49] The transplant team in the 309 Hospital is so capable and has plenty of organ donors, so how could it be possible that the 309 Hospital had fewer operations than a small-scale private hospital?

By searching research papers published by the 309 Hospital, we found there were at least 42 surgeons in the kidney transplant division.[50] In addition, there are many interns, graduate students, trainees, and doctors from other hospitals, according to information on the hospital’s website, which read “60 graduate students were admitted to our institute, including 15 Ph.D. students and postdocs, 10 master’s program students. In the past five years, we also admitted 60 trainees for advanced study…We also provide training to Cambodia Wangjiajun General Hospital, PLA No. 307 Hospital, PLA No. 22 Hospital, Beijing No. 254 Military Hospital, Beijing No. 281 Military hospitals, and airborne troops 95944 Medical Team, etc.”[51]

Table 6.5 Major Surgeons in the Kidney Transplant Division of the PLA No. 309 Hospital

Teams	Doctors/Surgeons
Donor Extraction Team (12)	QianYeyong, Shi Bingyi, Cai Ming, Mo Chunbo, Wang Yawei, Li Zhouli, Chang Jingyuan, Bo Hongwei, Zhan Shengli, Du Guosheng, Song Jiyong, Jin Hailong
Chief Surgeons (4)	Shi Bingyi, Cai Ming, QianYeyong, Du Guosheng (from the liver transplant team, but has the expertise of extracting organs from the donors)
Deputy Chief Surgeons (12)	Jin Hailong, Bo Hongwei, Zhan Shengli, Li Zhouli, Yuan Ming, Li Xiang, Wang Qiang, Li Gang, Wang Zhen, Chang Jingyuan, Dai Xin (from the liver transplant team, but has the expertise of extracting organs from the donors), Song Jiyong (from the liver transplant team, but has the expertise of extracting organs from the donors)
Surgeons in Charge (4)	Fan Yu, Mo Chunbo, Li Chao, Wei Xing
Surgeons in Charge and Resident Doctors (22)	XieJunjie (resident doctor), Wang Ke, Wang Yawei, Li Pengcheng, Chen Liping, Ouyang Yun, Du Yuan, Wang Hongyang, Yuan Qing, Xu Liang, Cui Hanwen, Liu Dezhong, Liu Kuili, Zhou Wenqiang, Wu Ruojun, Liu Lupeng, JiaJinfeng, Qi Baoyu, ZhengHuili, Han Mengxia, Li Kun, Zhang Chao

There are 13 chief and deputy chief doctors who lead the kidney transplant team. This transplant center once completed 12 kidney transplants in one night.[52]

Figure 6.15 Snapshot of one medical public web

The 309 Hospital had its own surgeons and resident doctor, graduate students, trainees, and other hospitals' doctors. The capacity of this Hospital should be at least 10 times more than that of Xi’an’s Gaoxin Hospital. In addition, as a well-known hospital, the 309 Hospital can easily attract many patients; while Gaoxin Hospital would have to go all out to find patients. Based on the capacity of the team, assuming there are plenty of donors, this team can perform 3,000 cases of transplants per year.

Figure 6.16 The Web Snapshot of PLA 309 Hospital

3) The PLA No. 309 Hospital is self-proclaimed to be No. 1 nationwide three years in a row[53]

On November 17, 2010, the PLA No. 309 Hospital claimed on its Organ Transplant Center Information web page that the hospital had been “No. 1 nationwide three years in a row.”[54] The total revenue of organ transplant center was 230 million in 2010, and increased 8 times since 2006 (30 million).[55] If we premise that the unit of transplant fees was not changed from 2006 to 2010, we could find the number of transplants in 2010 increased as much as 8 times over that of 2006.

Figure 6.17 Web snapshot of PLA 309 Hospital

At the same time, on April 20, 2009, Tianjin First Central Hospital’s Organ Transplant Center proclaimed that "in the past four years, the number of liver and kidney transplants we completed each year ranked first in China.”[56]

Figure 6.18 Snapshot of North Website

We have pointed out that, starting from 2006, Tianjin First Central Hospital’s kidney transplants exceeded 5,000 cases every year, and it also claimed to be No. 1 in both liver and kidney transplants in China. As the central organization for organ transplants in the CCP’s PLA system, the transplant numbers of 309 Hospital should be equal with that of Tianjin First Central Hospital between 2008 and 2010.

4) Fake public data by 309 hospital

After the transplant Center was founded in April 2002, the 309 Hospital publically reported the number of kidney transplants was only 200 cases per year.[57] We mentioned the case of Xi'an Gaoxin Hospital, founded two years, finished more than 500 cases of transplant surgery by 6 or 7 surgeons, as it had just hired Shi Bingyi of 309 Hospital as chief advisor.[58] The transplant team in the 309 Hospital is very capable and they have plenty of organs, so how could it be possible that the 309 Hospital had fewer operations than a small-scale private hospital?

Tianjin First Central Hospital’s kidney transplants also claimed to be No. 1 in both liver and kidney transplants in China. And its published data is 436 kidney transplants in 2005.[59] (Until June 2006, more than 1,300 cases of transplants.[60] By the end of 2007, nearly 2,000 cases.[61] That means, between 2006 and 2007, the average is 460 per year).

For the PLA, the 309 Hospital was a key institute for performing organ harvesting on Falun Gong practitioners. It cannot be so unwise as to claim to be No. 1 with over 200 cases of transplants when Tianjin First Central Hospital’s volume was more than 400 cases a year. One obvious explanation is that both of these two hospitals are presenting phony data.

3. Peking University People’s Hospital once performed 4,000 kidney transplants in one year

In Sep. 2013, Zhu Jiye, the head of Peking University Organ Transplantation Research Institute and the director of the Hepatobiliary Surgery Department at Peking University People’s Hospital said in an interview with China Economic Weekly, “Prior to launching the pilot project in 2010, the organs from executed prisoners accounted for almost all donor organ sources in China. Our hospital used to perform 4,000 liver and kidney transplants within one year, and the sources of these organs were all death-row prisoners.”[62]

Figure 6.19 September 2013, “Xinhua Network” article snapshot

The hospital claimed on its official website on July 16, 2014 that it became one of the first Grade A Class 3 hospitals designated by the Ministry of Health to perform kidney transplants in 2007, and that it performed 80-90 transplants every year.[63] Since the hospital started performing liver transplants in 2000, it has performed more than 600 cases of liver transplants,[64] with an average of 40 liver transplants per year. Therefore, this shows that the hospital’s actual annual number of organ transplants is 30.70-33.30 times of the annual number publicly stated.

Figure 6.20 Peking University People's Hospital Cached

4. Wuhan Tongji Hospital performs thousands of kidney transplants each year

An article first published on Kwong Wah Yit Poh and later reproduced by China’s Sina Global News states that as an important city in central China, Wuhan is also reportedly China’s largest organ transplant center. The most famous local organ transplant hospital is the Wuhan Tongji Hospital, which is one of China’s earliest and most authoritative hospitals that perform live donor kidney transplants. Every year, the hospital performs thousands of kidney transplant surgeries. The hospital’s website claims to have the largest group of living donor kidney transplant recipients (i.e. patients receiving kidney transplants).[65]

Figure 6.21 November 2011, "Sina Global News" article Snapshot

Their official website write that the Institute of Organ Transplantation, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology is the first one in China and the first large-scale comprehensive institute for both clinical and basic research on organ transplantation in China. The Institute is currently the only key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation of both Ministry of Education (MOE) and Ministry of Health (MOH) of China. In 1979, our institute was granted as the first professional and systematic institute for organ transplantation by MOH. Institute of Organ Transplantation became the earliest in China, the biggest in organ transplantation specialization, and a significant systematic research base.[66]

However, since this hospital claimed to be the “largest” organ transplant operation center in the whole country, and taking into consideration the 5,000-8,000 cases performed by the Tianjin First Central Hospital, we believe the Wuhan Tongji Hospital actually performed equal or greater transplant volume than Tianjin First Central Hospital.

During WOIPFG’s investigation, a surgeon from this hospital admitted that “there is guaranteed to be sufficient live prisoners like Falun Gong practitioners.” He also mentioned that “before the people (i.e. donors) die, the organs are taken out.”[67] One surgeon’s relative who works at this hospital said that there were many donors, and before the crimes of organ harvesting were exposed, the surgeons would work overtime every day to perform organ transplants.[68] But until Jan. 16, 2016, the official website of this hospital still claimed their kidney transplant data were nearly 3,000 cases.[69] The average number of kidney transplant decreased sharply to 200 cases per year.

5. The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus confirms that Suzuki Masanori, the president of the Japan Transplant Recipients Organization, has investigated and discovered that one Chinese hospital performed 2,000 cases of organ transplants in 2005 alone

David McNeill is a Japan Focus coordinator and writes about Japan for the London Independent and other publications. Clifford Coonan is the Independent’s correspondent in Beijing. On April 4, 2006, they published an article titled “Japanese flock to China for organ transplants” on Asia Times. The article wrote: “Last May, Suzuki visited a hospital in a ‘major city’ (he declined to specify which city) and learned that 95% of its transplant patients had received organs from executed prisoners. The hospital had conducted 2,000 organ transplants last year alone, Suzuki said.”[70]

Figure 6.22 April 2006, "Asia Times" article Snapshot

Based on our analysis, the hospital mentioned by Mr. Suzuki should be the First Hospital of China Medical University. It is the biggest organ transplantation center in northeastern China. It is also the first hospital to develop liver transplantation and Pancreas-kidney transplantation in this area. This hospital has established an “International Transplant (China) Network Support Center” in 2003, and it is located at the Transplant Research Institute of the First Hospital of China Medical University.[71] The organization is dedicated to provide transplant services for foreigners. Most of the patients were from Japan. The center even has a Japanese language web site and purchased advertisements on the Internet. After the organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners were reported in 2006, this hospital was exposed. Soon after that, the web site was removed.

1) Waiting time for organ transplants is extremely short in this hospital

“Generally, the waiting time for a liver transplant is only one month, no more than two months at the most. The shortest waiting time for a kidney transplant is a week, no more than one month at the most to obtain a HLA matched donor. Although donors are selected through a variety of rigorous examinations, if in any case their physical condition is abnormal such as fatty liver at the time when the kidney is removed, the surgery will be canceled before the patient’s abdomen is cut open. The center will be responsible for finding another donor for the patient and conducting the transplant again within one week.”[72]

Figure 6.23 The archived webpage of International Transplant (China) Network Support Center in October 2004

2) The hospital uses living organs.The archived webpage of the hospital on September 2004 shows:

Good quality organs, living donor: “Comparing to cadaveric kidney transplant in Japan, kidney transplant in this hospital is safer and more reliable.”
“China’s living donor kidney transplants is totally different with cadaveric kidney transplants you learned from Japanese hospitals and dialysis centers. [73]”

What needs to be clarified is that “living organ transplant” in mainland China is different from the living organ transplant which ensures the safety of living donor transplantation abroad. In other countries, only part of the liver will be transplanted from the donor (mainly from the relatives of the patient) to the patient, while in China the entire liver will be cut off from the living person to transplant to the patient.

Figure 6.24 The archived webpage of International Transplant (China) Network Support Center in September 2004

3) The hospital provides special services for Japanese patients

“Since Japanese and Chinese have very similar physical characteristics, most of the patients of this center are from Japan. Not only several doctors and head nurses of the Transplant Research Institute went to Japan to study, and are very familiar with Japanese culture, also a majority of the nurses can speak Japanese. This really provide a lot of convenience for Japanese patients. All patients will be admitted to high official’s wards for special care, after the surgery.[74]

Figure 6.25 The archived webpage of International Transplant (China) Network Support Center in September 2004

4) This hospital acknowledges organs from the CCP’s government

On the hospital’s website, it claimed “can completed such amount of organ transplants because of the support of the Chinese government.” “Providing organs is one link of support from the government.” [75] This was unique in the world.[76]

Figure 6.26 The archived webpage of introduction tothe International Transplantation (China) Network Support Center in September 2004

The doctoral tutor Professor Liu Yongfeng is the Director of the Organ Transplantation in this Center. The archived webpage of “Well-known doctors table” created on Oct. 23, 2004 gave the following description:[77] Professor Liu studied liver transplant and pancreas transplant at the Transplantation Center at University of Minnesota. He mastered the organ cut, transplantation and postoperative management techniques. In 1992, Liu Yongfeng established the Organ Transplant Department, and performed kidney transplant, liver transplant, combined liver and kidney transplant, and simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplant, etc. Now this center has been developed as one of the large-scale comprehensive organ transplant centers in China. It’s the largest multi-organ transplantation center in the Northeastern China. Liu Yongfeng has trained more than twenty holders of Ph.D., more than thirty holders of Master’s degree, and directed kidney transplants in many hospitals.[78] He was promoted to Vice President of First Affiliated Hospital, Heilongjiang University of Chinese Medicine because of his outstanding “achievement.”

According to the archived information on the internet[79], there were two professors, two associate professors, four Ph.D., seven Ph.D. candidates and two Master’s degrees in this center in 2004. There were sixteen people who had both Ph.D and Master’s degree, and half of them had studied abroad. The center was the only hospital which can perform kidney, liver, pancreas-kidney, liver-kidney, etc. multi-organs transplantation in China at that time. Based on the strength and marketing efforts of the center, 2000 cases of organ transplants performed in this center in 2005 is credible.

However, the hospital reported publicly right now that over 800 cases of kidney transplants and over 200 liver transplants were performed till October 2012, averaging 100 cases per year. From 2000 cases per year the center dropped to 100 publically acknowledged cases per year,[80] a decrease of 20 times.

5) Investigation proves this hospital experiments on human subjects

From 2003 to 2008, Wang Lijun, former Policy Chief of Chongqing City, built the Public Security Bureau's On-Site Psychology Research Center (OSPRC), when he worked as former Police Chief and Party Secretary of Jinzhou City. He cooperated with 7 oversea universities and 17 civil universities and hospitals. China Medical University is one of them.[81]

On September 17, 2006, Ren Jinyang, the secretary-general of the China Guanghua Science and Technology gave a speech at the award ceremony for the Guanghua Innovation Special Contribution Award. In his speech, he said, "Professor Wang Lijun and the Research Center conducted basic research and clinic trials to study how to resolve the challenging issue, which is, the organ transplant recipients are generally not very receptive to organs injected with drugs. They have created a brand new protective fluid, which is used to provide a perfusion treatment for liver and kidney previously subjected to drugs. After animal tests, in vitro experiments and clinical trials, they have achieved an important milestone where the recipient's body is able to accept the liver and kidney after such a treatment." Wang mentioned in his acceptance speech, "The so-called 'on-site research' is the result of several thousand intensive on-site cases; it is the result of the painstaking effort from so many of us…”[82]

WOIPFG conducted a telephone investigation on Chen Rongshan, who was the former urology chief physician of the PLA 205 Hospital of Jinzhou City. Chen had completed 568 cases of kidney transplants[83], had admitted harvesting organs from Falun Gong practitioners and he confirmed that China Medical University was taking part in human experiments.

Below is a segment of the transcript of telephone conversations between the WOIPFG investigator and Chen Rongshan:

WOIPFG: He (Wang Lijun) had a project called “Research on Organ Transplantation from Donors who have been Subjected to Drug Injection.” PLA 205 Hospital was the partner. Please tell me more about this project.
Chen: Ah.
WOIPFG: What I am asking is whether you have cooperated?
Chen: There was also China Medical University.
WOIPFG: Wang Lijun told us that some organ donors were jailed Falun Gong practitioners. Is that true?
Chen: Those are arranged by the court.

We should also consider the role of Liu Yongfeng[84], director of the institute of organ transplant research of China Medical University. He participated in the research and development of an organ preservation solution and a leading kidney preservation solution. His extractions technology could reduce organ damage and warm ischemia time in organ surgery. He had worked on 4 projects supported by National Natural Science Foundation, and won an award of National Science and Technology Progress.

6. Southern Hospital Suspected of Performing More Than 1,000 cases of Liver and Kidney Transplants since 2001, perhaps 3,000~4,000 annual cases at peak times

The First Affiliated Hospital of the First Army Medical University of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army was turned over to Guangdong Province in August of 2004[85], and was renamed The Affiliated Southern Hospital of The Southern Medical University. In March 1995, the hospital was given the honorary title of “Exemplary Medical Care that Benefits Overseas Chinese” by Jiang Zemin. It was the army’s sole “Foreign Medical Center” and a convenient instrument for the Party to bring overseas Chinese and foreign countries around the world to use China’s organ transplantation. In 2004, the provincial government of Guangdong announced that the hospital was a center for Grade A kidney transplants, Grade A liver transplants and Grade B heart transplants.[86] Before the end of 2006, “(It) had already admitted nearly 70,000 patients from more than 70 countries and regions for hospitalization and physical checkups.”[87] On May 23, 2007, the Ministry of Health designated this hospital as a center for kidney and liver transplantation.[88]

1)According to the testimony of Bai Shuzhong, the Minister of the People’s Liberation Army’s Department of Health in General Logistics, this hospital was the main force in the army for live organ harvesting

Bai Shuzhong served as the Minister of the People’s Liberation Army’s Department of Health in General Logistics between 1998 and 2004. During a telephone investigation conducted by WOIPFG, Bai admitted that during his tenure, Jiang Zemin had personally ordered live organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners. The Medical College’s Affiliated Hospital is the army’s main force that executed this order from Jiang Zemin (for transcription of the recording and the download link for the audio clip, please refer to Chapter 2, I).[89] Under the CCP’s rule, once Jiang Zemin had given his commands, this hospital would spare no effort to carry out the mission.

“It was Chairman Jiang at that time. …There was a memo and instruction that is… to carry out this matter, which was organ harvesting.” He also claimed: “(It) could be managed by our handful of medical colleges. Several medical colleges affiliated with our General Logistics work units had repeatedly requested so, because at that time Jiang paid a lot of attention to this issue. He attached a great deal of importance to it.”

2) The organ transplant team in the hospital includes 6 to 7 kidney teams and 4 to 6 liver teams

The transplant department at the hospital is very strong. For the kidney and liver transplant centers alone, we obtained direct evidence that led to 48 physicians who performed liver or kidney transplants. There are six to seven kidney transplant teams and four to six liver teams. There were more than 30 physicians in Kidney Department, including 2 professors, 6 vice professor and deputy chief physicians, 4 chief physicians.[90] There were 27 surgeons specialize in liver transplantation who conducted the surgery[91], including 4 chief physicians, 2 deputy chief physicians, 4 chief physicians and 16 other staff.

3) This hospital ranked 2nd nationally in the number of kidney transplants for a long time.

In the thesis paper “Progess of the Clinical Allograft Renal Transplantation in Our Country” published in Armed Police Medical Science in 2004, Yu Lixin claimed that his hospital had completed 2,123 kidney transplants, as early as November 2001.[92] This hospital just fell below Beijing Friendship Hospital, ranked 2nd in kidney transplantation list.

Figure 6.27 Overview of transplant surgeries in selected Chinese hospitals that performed more than 1,000 kidney transplants

On July 2008, the web of this hospital still claimed their kidney transplantation ranked national 2nd and Guangdong province 1st.[93] It also proved that this hospital maintained a No. 2 national ranking in terms of kidney transplant quantity for long time. As we mentioned, in 2009, the organ transplantation center of PLA 309 Hospital claimed that they are No. 1 national ranking in terms of kidney transplant quantity[94], about 3,000 cases per year. Since South Hospital ranked as No.2, we could conclude that the kidney transplant quantity of this hospital should equal with that of PLA 309, at least 1,000 cases.

4) The annual number of kidney transplant in 2005 was already more than 1,000 cases

From the public thesis, between December 2001 and August 2003, the average of kidney transplant amounts to 501 cases per year. And in 2004 and 2005, there was an explosive growth of organ transplant, and we concluded that the number of kidney transplant was 1,000 cases per year at the peak time. As Yangcheng Evening News reported on August 2003, Yu Lixin, the director of South Hospital, said, "From April 1978 to January 1997, this hospital performed more than 3,000 cases of kidney transplantation.”[95] And we noticed on Nov. 2001, this hospital had conducted 2,123 cases of kidney transplantation.[96] So between December 2001 and August 2003, within 1 year and 9 months, the number of kidney transplants at the hospital amounted to 877, with an average of 501 cases per year. After 2000, the organ transplantation in China experienced an explosive growth, we give two examples.

The Sina online media reported in Dec. 2003: The total number of organ transplants at Fudan University’s Organ Transplant Center has reached 100 cases per year, with an annual growth rate of 50 percent. On Dec. 8, 2003, it cooperated with the world’s largest organ-transplant institute and co-founded the “Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital—US Pittsburg University Thomas E. Starzl Collaborating Transplant Research Center.” It claimed it was “looking forward to reaching new milestones in the area of organ transplantation.”[97]

5) Hepatobiliary Surgery of South Hospital was one of the largest number of cases of liver transplant conducted in Guangdong Province

Hepatobiliary Surgery of South Hospital was one of the largest liver transplant centers in Guangdong Province.[98] On Feb. 23, 2006, "South magazine" reported in 2005, Chen Guihua, the president of the Affiliated Third Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, completed 246 cases of liver transplantation." The number of liver transplantation of Hepatobiliary Surgery of South Hospital should be equal with that of the Affiliated Third Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University. Chen Guihua completed 246 cases of liver transplantation in one year.[99] If we take Chen's data as base, we could conclude South Hospital could conduct 984 ~ 1,476 cases of liver transplantation. They have 27 surgeons, and can divided into four to six liver transplant teams.

Because South Hospital is a key hospital, directly under the management of the PLA General Logistics Department, it has been ranked in the top two national hospitals in 2000. It's located in Guangzhou, and attracts a lot of patients from Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, Southeast Asian countries and Western countries. We believe at the peak of transplant, this hospital should reach thousands of cases of liver and kidney transplantation per year. Tianjin First Central Hospital publically released that their number of kidney transplantation exceeded 300 cases in 2004.[100] At Oriental Organ Transplant Center's Yearly conference, it claimed to have conducted 436 cases of kidney transplants in 2005[101], an increase of 50% compared with last year. South Hospital publically claimed that their kidney transplants were 501 cases per year in 2003. Considering the explosive growth of organ transplantation in China in 2004 and 2005, a growth-rate of about 50%, we could conclude that the South Hospital's amount of kidney transplantation in 2005 could have reached at least 1,000 cases.

7. Central South University’s Xiangya Hospital: National Organ Engineering Research Center is suspected of acting as the Party’s organ deployment center and the number of liver and kidney transplants exceeds several thousand cases per year

On May 23, 2007, Central South University’s Xiangya Hospital was appointed by the Ministry of Health to develop liver and kidney transplant programs.[102] In December 1992, the hospital began its test operation. In Aug. 1996, it was fully opened to the public. Currently the hospital’s featured programs are Transplant Medicine and Minimally Invasive Medicine.[103]

1)This hospital had high potential for transplants

On Aug. 2001, this hospital invested nearly 100 million RMB to establish the Transplantation Medicine Research Center, with an 8-thousand-square-meter, including a Dialysis center, laboratory, surgery between laminar flow and ICU ultra-clean laminar flow transplant ward. The Transplant Medical Center of Hunan Province is also located in this hospital.[104] There were 150 beds in the building.[105] If we use 100% bed turnover rate and 30 days of the length of stay for the patients of liver and kidney transplants, we could calculate the potential transplant capability was 1,825 cases (150×365×100%/30=1,825).

Figure 6.28 Snapshot of Central South University’s Xiangya Hospital

The hospital has a strong transplant team. The Centre has more than 20 professors, associate professors, and nearly a hundred doctors, nurses and technical staff.[106] In October 2002, the nationally known transplant expert and professor Ye Qifa led an 8-person transplantation expert team to join the Xiangya Hospital.[107] Huang Zufa, the president of Xiangya Hospital, also emphasized the vital role of Ye Qifa’s team, during his interview with the Central South University newspaper’s reporter: “In 2002, led by organ transplant expert and professor Ye Qifa, 8 high-level organ transplant experts joined our hospital…”; “Up till now, we had already carried out heart, liver, kidney, islet cell, hempatopoietic stem cell, and small intestine transplant surgeries”; “In our hospital, we had simultaneously performed 2 liver and 5 kidney transplant surgeries. We have the capability to operate 6 or 7 transplant surgeries at the same time.”[108]

2) Transplant Center rises in the national organ transplantation industry

In August 2001, Xiangya Hospital finished construction of the Hunan Transplantation Medicine Center building.[109] The Xinhua News Agency published a news report on September 19, 2003: “The Deputy Minister of Health Held the Scalpel Himself for a Liver Transplant at Central South University”; “Within three years, (the Center) has completed 300 liver transplants and 600 kidney transplants. On this day, the Center made a special arrangement for 7 liver and kidney transplant operations. What Huang Jiefu operated on was a liver transplant surgery.”[110]

Figure 6.29 Snapshot of Central South University’s News

On Sep. 18, 2003, the Transplant Medicine Engineering and Technology Research Center and Medical Association Professional Committee of transplant medicine of Hunan Province, Xiangya Transplantation Medical Research Institute of Central South University were established in the Third Xiangya Hospital at the same time. Meanwhile, the hospital formally signed an organ transplantation cooperation agreement with the University of Pittsburgh.[111]

The Ministry of Health’s Transplantation Medicine Engineering Research Center (abbreviated as “the Center” from here on) was first discussed among an expert panel formed by the Ministry of Health, later approved by the Ministry of Health, and then formally established in Central South University’s Xiangya Hospital. “After three years of development, the Center has carried out several hundreds of piggyback liver transplants and over 1,000 kidney transplants. In addition, more are under way, including combined liver and kidney, liver and pancreas, pancreas and kidney, and other combined multi-organ transplantation, spleen transplant, pancreas transplant, heart transplant, split and relatives liver transplant, as well as thyroid and parathyroid transplant, and cell transplantation of liver, spleen and pancreas.”[112] The Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Technology Research Center of MOH officially settled in Xiangya Hospital.

Figure 6.30 Snapshot of Central South University’s Xiangya Hospital

3) The hospital is suspected to have acted as the CCP’s organ deployment center

Affiliated with Hunan Daily, the Public Health newspaper[113] reported on September 24, 2003, that Huang Jiefu delivered a speech at Xiangya Hospital about building an organ deployment network and mentioned the centralized detainment of organ sources and building a deployment center: “At the Hunan Transplantation Medicine Engineering and Research Center established on September 18, gradually developed a management network at the provincial, regional and national level, to play a vital role in terms of information sharing, resource optimization and allocation. In addition, the increasing volume of operations will advance the technological development of the entire transplant society. More importantly, the controlled organ source market drives transplant surgeries that greatly reduce the patients’ medical cost. Transportation of organ sources is not needed and this will cut the operation cost down by half. The quality of the transplant will also improve greatly because the waiting time is shortened.”

Figure 6.31 September 2003, public health newspaper webpage cached

According to the analysis, the Ministry of Health, joined by the army, set up several large organ banks nationwide in China. However, in order to deploy and coordinate these organ banks to fully utilize their potential, there needed to be a national deployment center. It was highly likely that the Xiangya Hospital, with its leading position in the organ transplant industry, had acted as the national organ deployment center. Otherwise how could it dare to declare, “Transportation of organ sources is not needed and this will cut the operation cost down by half”?

We conclude that this hospital reached at least several thousand cases of liver and kidney transplants at its peak.

8. Zhongshan Hospital, affiliated with Fudan University: before 2007, the transplant volume maintained a rapid upward growth; starting in 2005, the number stopped update on the website, and data was tampered; surgeons openly admitted using Falun Gong practitioners’ organs; and the hospital had conducted more than 1,000 cases of liver transplants per year

On May 23, 2007, this hospital was appointed by the Ministry of Health to perform liver, kidney and heart transplant surgeries.[114] It was the only hospital in Shanghai to obtain certification for heart, liver and kidney transplants all at once. On October 30, 2001, the Organ Transplant Center was established.[115]

1) High volume and rapid growth-rate of transplant surgeries at the hospital

Before Sep. 22, 2007, media and hospitals made the following statements:

a) The Sina online media reported in December 2003: The total number of organ transplants at Fudan University’s Organ Transplant Center has reached 100 cases per year, with an annual growth rate of 50 percent. On December 8, 2003, it cooperated with the world’s largest organ-transplant institute and cofounded the “Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital—US Pittsburg University Thomas E. Starzl Collaborating Transplant Research Center.” It claimed it was “looking forward to reaching new milestones in the area of organ transplantation.”[116]

Figure 6.32 December 2003, Sina news webpage cached

b) In August 2006 (article submitted on February 10), Qin Xinyu, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital’s party secretary, vice president, and director of general surgery, published a paper in Chinese Hospitals stating that at the time, major organ transplant operations on heart, lung, liver and kidney had reached about 400 cases.[117]

Figure 6.33 August 2006, "Chinese Hospital" Articles Snapshot

c) An online archiving website (www.archive.org) disclosed that as early as 2005, the following statements appeared on the hospital’s official website: “Zhongshan Hospital has completed a grand total of nearly 1,000 kidney transplants, more than 200 liver transplants, 107 heart transplants, 6 cases of combined heart and lung transplants, and 11 cases of liver and kidney transplants. The number of organ transplants is rapidly increasing every year.” According to the official website, the first case of an 8-year-old kidney transplant patient in 1991, had become a 22-year-old and the updated date was in 2005.[118]

d) On Sep. 22, 2007, the following statement appeared in the special edition of the Zhongshan Hospital Newspaper celebrating Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital’s 70-year anniversary[119]: “Currently, the hospital has completed a grand total of more than 2,000 kidney transplants, more than 570 liver transplants (11 cases of living-donor liver transplants), over 200 heart transplants, 9 cases of combined heart and lung transplants and 13 cases of combined liver and kidney transplants. The number of organ transplants at the hospital is increasing rapidly every year. This will offer new chances and lives to more and more patients with advanced kidney, liver, heart and lung diseases.”

Figure 6.34 September 2007, "Zhongshan Hospital" article snapshot

2) Strong transplant surgeons team

a) The Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University had a strong transplantation team. According to the surgeons list released by WOIPFG[120], there were 27 physicians in Kidney Transplantation Department, including 6 chief physicians or professors, 5 vice professor and deputy chief physicians. As for Liver Transplantation Department, there were 10 chief physicians or professors, 9 vice professor and deputy chief physicians. As for the Heart Transplantation Department, there were 3 chief physicians or professors.

b) One chief physician personally operated on more than 100 cases of liver transplants. The hospital currently has some liver transplant teams and is suspected to perform several thousand liver transplants per year. Fan Jia is deputy director of Fudan University’s Organ Transplant Center, a professor, and chief physician.[121] On April 16, 2001, Fan Jia finished his first liver-transplant surgery.[122] By December 2006, he had completed a total of more than 500 liver transplants.[123] By 2012, he had completed over 1100 liver transplants.[124] He worked 80+ hours per week, and completed 100+ cases of liver transplant per year[125].

Figure 6.35 Snapshot of one article published in Zhongshan Hospital Newspaper

The figure above is for just one doctor. The hospital has at least 10 chief physicians or professors, 9 vice chief physicians. And how many cases could they handle? We gave some examples here.

Zhou Jian is chief physician and professor of Organ Transplantation Center，the Affilated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University. He has accumulated more than 1,000 cases of liver transplantation experience.[126]

Huang Xiaowu is chief physician of liver tumor surgery, the Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University. He participated in nearly a thousand liver transplants, and acted as the leader of liver transplant ward.[127]

Qiu Shuangjian is deputy chief physician of liver tumor surgery, the Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University. As a principal member of the liver transplant team, he participated in the majority of liver transplants in Zhongshan Hospital, including 500 cases of surgery by himself.[128]

Huang Cheng is deputy chief physician of liver tumor surgery, the Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University. Since 2002, he had already participated in more than 500 cases of liver transplantation.[129]

Shiying Hong is deputy chief physician of liver tumor surgery, the Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University. He was involved in more than 400 cases of liver transplantation.[130]

So we could conclude that this hospital could have more than 1,000 cases of liver transplantation per year. We found from published reports that the number of kidney transplants in this hospital is 4 to 5 times that of liver transplants. In 2005, the hospital official website showed "Zhongshan Hospital has accumulated nearly a thousand cases of kidney transplant, and over 200 cases of liver transplant. The number of organ transplants are increasing rapidly every year.”[131] In September 2007, Zhongshan Hospital Journal, the hospital newspaper’s 70 Anniversary special issue[132], mentioned that kidney transplants had reached over 2,000 cases, and liver transplants were over 570 cases. And the number of organ transplants are increasing every year.

b) The Hospital had strong kidney transplantation team. There were 27 physicians in Kidney Transplantation Department, including 6 chief physicians or professors, 5 vice professor and deputy chief physicians.

4) A doctor of this hospital openly admitted that the organ source is Falun Gong practitioners

During the investigation by WOIPFG, a doctor at the Liver Transplant Center in Fudan University’s Zhongshan Hospital was asked “whether you have the kind of [organs] from those who practice Falun Gong.” The answer was: “What we have here are all of this kind.”[133]

5) Since 2005, the webpage of the organ transplantation center stopped updating and revising the data, then deleted the whole webpage

a) In September 2007, Zhongshan Hospital Journal, the hospital newspaper’s 70 Anniversary special issue, mentioned that kidney transplant had reached over 2,000 cases.[134] But in July 2014, it changed to "the number of kidney transplant in Zhongshan Hospital already exceed 1,000 cases now.” [135] How could the kidney transplants decrease?

b) After July 2014, this hospital directly deleted the whole website of organ transplantation center. If you input http://transplantation.com.cn/About.Asp for search, it shows "Not Found."

9. In 2001, the number of kidney transplants conducted at the General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region exceeded 1,000 cases. However, the published number was only about 100 cases

The Institute of Nephrology, General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region has specialist outpatient, clinical treatment centers, diagnostic centers biopsy, blood purification center, peritoneal dialysis center, kidney transplant center, kidney disease, intensive care unit (RICU), stem cell transplant ward and Key laboratory of Nephrology. There were four brand technologies including kidney biopsy technique, kidney pathology diagnostic techniques, blood purification and kidney transplantation.[136]

1) Strong kidney transplantation team at the General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region

Li Leishi alone performed 120 cases of kidney transplant each year. In Dec. 2008, Li Leishi published an article in China, titled "Organ donation after death exists in theory, but in fact is hard to achieve.”

Three surgeons could have conducted several hundred cases of kidney transplants. In an excerpt from "An interview with academician Li Leishi" in the China military network[137], Li Leishi mentioned a medical malpractice taking place at the PLA Institute of Nephrology in 2001. Li Leishi punished three on duty surgeons, including an operation doctor, a director, and a 30-year-old doctor, "who conducted several hundred cases of kidney transplant every year." However, in Li's eyes, the whole institute will "just do a few less kidney transplants next year."

Figure 6.36 Snapshot of China military network

As early as in 2001, in the PLA Institute of Nephrology where Li Leishi worked, just three doctors on duty that day had "conducted hundreds of cases of kidney transplant every year.” According to Chinese interpretation, he could only say so unless there are at least more than three hundred cases. So how many doctors and specialists worked in the PLA Institute of Nephrology? By this calculation, in 2001, what was the total number of kidney transplants at the PLA Institute of Nephrology?

There were plenty of surgeons who specialized at kidney transplantation, and they could constitute many kidney transplant groups; WOIPFG published a list of transplant surgeons of this hospital in 2014, and we found nearly 30 specialists in kidney transplant field, including 11 chief surgeons.[138] There were 8 vice professors, 5 doctor supervisors, 14 master supervisors, and 69 doctoral graduate students, 80 masters graduate students, and 10 post-doctorates.[139] These human resources could theoretically constitute at least 11 kidney transplant groups. Thus, in 2001, the amount of kidney transplants of the institute was large, and it could exceed 1,000 cases, maybe even above 2,000 cases.

2) Kidney transplant center beds, and the average length of convalescence suggest that this hospital could exceed 1,000 cases per year

The Institute of Nephrology, General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, had 210 beds in the clinic treatment center.[140] The average length of stay was 9 days, significantly shorter than that of most equivalent hospitals.[141] If the 210 beds were set for transplant patients, assuming a bed turnover rate of 100% and the length of stay 30 days, we could get the result of 2,555 cases (210×365×100%/30=2,555). (That's the estimated number of kidney transplant per year. The calculation method: bed number multiply with days in one year, and multiply with bed turnover rate, then divided by the average length of stay, equal the number of transplant per year). Since this hospital claimed the length of stay was significantly shorter than that of equivalent hospital, the number of transplants could greater too. In other words, if only half of beds given to kidney transplant patients, the number of transplant could exceed 1,000 cases per year.

3) A “top priority” research institute

The Institute of Nephrology of General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region was designated as a “top priority” research institute by the CCP’s Central Military Commission[142] in 2000, and awarded the Group First-Class Merit in 2004.[143]

An announcement of “Learning from Li Leishi” by the Chinese military in 2007 said, "Li Leishi built the first nephrologist center in military with ‘two and a half’ doctors and 10,000 yuan in funds in 1979. Two years later, he established the National Institute of Nephrology…He was involved in the field of kidney transplantation, and under pressure and criticism, but achieved success. Starting with only a dozen cases per year, the number of transplants grew into more than one hundred cases per year. The center became one of the largest kidney transplant centers in China. Up to 2004, the center conducted over one thousand cases of kidney transplant.”[144]

From these words, we knew the Party was pay attention to the progress of transplantation field. Li Leishi was outstanding in this field and was employed in the propaganda tract “Learning from Li Leishi".[145]

4) Fake public data released

In the announcement of “Learning from Li Leishi” by the Chinese military in 2007, it said, "in 2004, the cumulative number of kidney transplant was over 1,000 cases."[146] If 1,000 cases were the total number of organ transplants, it would have made it impossible to obtain a first class merit. "General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region had over 1,000 cases of kidney transplantation": It was an outstanding achievement in the organ transplant industry, and hospitals conducting over 1,000 kidney transplants would be very rare at that time, therefore, it was worthy of such publicity. However, according to the article "Progress of the Same Kind of Kidney Clinical Transplant" by Yu Lixin, from the Organ Transplant Center, Nanfang Hospital, First Military Medical University published in June 2004 in the Medical Journal of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces in Issue 6, Volume 15[147], as early as 2000, transplant centers in China conducting a total number of 1,000 kidney transplants were already numerous. This included Beijing Friendship Hospital, Guangzhou Nanfang Hospital, the First Clinical Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, People's Liberation Army General Hospital, First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, and Beijing Chaoyang Hospital. Even before December 2001, Beijing Friendship Hospital and the Guangzhou Nanfang Hospital had over 2,000 cases.

Table 6.37 Kidney transplant centers with more than one thousand transplant cases

The above list only shows a portion of these hospitals. Among them, General Hospital of PLA and Nanfang Hospital of Guangzhou (namely South Hospital of First Military Medical University) were military hospitals. In one document, "the history of PLA's Urology department of Nephrology Center"[148], for the military hospital, Xinqiao Hospital of Third Military Medical University, shows up in p. 157: “By 2002, 2,590 cases of kidney transplantation had been conducted." We also found that in Nov. 2004, the CCP's official media, "Guangming" website reported that "Beijing Friendship Hospital kidney transplants had exceeded 3,000 cases."[149]

From 2000 to 2004 constitutes the CCP's so-called period of great development of organ transplantation. Known as highly active, the PLA Nanjing Military Region Kidney Disease Institute, could only reach the lower performance levels of other hospitals in the organ transplant four years previously, so these were not "outstanding deeds" at all. Nevertheless, the PLA Institute of Nephrology obtained a first-class merit in 2004 due to its performance. This was a significant contradiction. In addition, the hospital's official website said the number of kidney transplant was nearly 100 cases per year.[150] Yet in Dec. 2008, Li Leishi said: "In the past I can conduct 120 cases of kidney transplant surgery for patients per year.” [151] Above all, we could conclude that the number of 1,000 cases of kidney transplant was the yearly number. And the real transplant number reached 2,000 cases in 2001.

10. Huang Jiefu himself admitted that the number of liver transplants at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital could be above 1,000 cases per year

The Peking Union Medical College only reported the first liver transplant.[152]

Figure 6.38 Beijing Union Medical College Hospital cached

In 2013, Huang Jiefu revealed during his interview by Guangzhou Daily that in 2012, he personally conducted more than 500 cases of liver transplants. Among them, there was only one case of voluntary organ donation.[153] Huang Jiefu is the former deputy minister of the CCP’s Ministry of Health[154], director of OTC (July 2006[155]) and the chairman of CODC (2008).[156]

Figure 6.39 March 2013, "Dayang" webpage cached

Huang Jiefu is the former deputy minister of the CCP’s Ministry of Health, and he also held multiple other positions at the same time. As such, he was involved in a considerable number of governmental and social affairs. Each year, he also had to make several business trips within and outside of China. Therefore, he could not be the surgeon who performed the largest number of organ transplants. He was just a liver transplant surgeon at the well-known Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Huang Jiefu joined the hospital in 2001. The hospital’s liver transplant department also has a strong team consisting of surgeons who have studied and worked overseas. Currently, the department has two doctorial supervisors, three master student supervisors, five professors and associate professors and five chief surgeons. All of them have doctoral degrees. The Peking Union Medical College Hospital recruits a certain number of trainee surgeons every year and provides them with theoretical and practical training. In the meantime, it is also responsible for teaching the undergraduate and graduate students enrolled in the 8-year academic program at the Peking Union Medical College.[157]

The well-known liver transplant surgeons at Peking Union Medical College Hospital include Mao Yilei, Sang Xinting and Zhong Shouxian.

Mao Yilei was ranked one of the 10 best surgical professors by Peking Union Medical College Hospital. In 1990, he completed his residency training at Australia’s Modbury Hospital; in 1997, he earned his doctoral degree in surgery from Lund University in Sweden; he also studied under Stig Bengmark, who is a member of the Academia Europaea and was the founder and president of the World Association of Hepato-Pancreato-Biliary (HPB) Surgery; in 1999, he completed his postdoctoral training at Harvard University in the U.S. and at the same time finished his clinical training at the Surgical Oncology Department of the MGH in the U.S.[158]

Sang Xinting is a chief surgeon, professor, master student supervisor and the current deputy director of the hospital’s liver surgical division. He is good at diagnosing liver and gallbladder diseases and surgical treatment, especially those difficult diseases related to liver and gallbladder. He graduated from Zhongshan Medical College in 1986 with a clinical bachelor degree in medicine. That year, he joined the surgical team at Peking Union Medical College Hospital. He was a visiting scholar at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden between 1993 and 1995. In 2007, he earned his doctorate from the Xiangya School of Medicine at China’s Central South University.[159]

Zhong Shouxian led his team to perform the first liver transplant case at Peking Union Medical College Hospital. He is a chief surgeon, professor and doctorial supervisor. In his early years, he graduated from the Kharkov Medical College in the Soviet Union, and thereafter, he studied at the MGH of Harvard University and the surgical division of the John Hopkins Hospital. He has been a member of the China Medical Society and International Surgical Society and the deputy chairman of the Beijing chapter of China Medical Society. He is also a deputy editor, editing committee member and consultant for a total of more than 10 medical journals, including the Chinese Journal of General Surgery, Chinese Medical Journal, China Journal of Oncology, Chinese Journal of Practical Surgery, Journal of Hepato-Pancreato Biliary Surgery and Journal of Chinese Clinical Medicine.[160]

So there appears to have been 4-6 liver transplant groups in this hospital. Based on the fact that Huang Jiefu performs more than 500 cases of organ transplant per year, we speculate that the number of liver transplants could range from 2,000 to 3,000 every year. But there is little information on the kidney transplant team, considering this hospital is most famous hospital in China, and the organ supply is robust. Therefore, the conclusion, that the number of liver transplants in this hospital is between 1,000 and 2,000, seems reasonable. The tricky part regarding the Peking Union Medical College Hospital is that now you can no longer find any medical papers on liver transplants conducted at this hospital in any thesis or dissertation databases in China, and there are only a very few papers on the hospital’s kidney transplant operations. The hospital’s website has also removed all the webpages containing the liver transplant data and the data on kidney transplants has not been updated for 10 years.[161]

11. The Affiliated Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University is suspected to perform more than one thousand liver transplants and a surgeon admitted to retrieving organ donors from the army

Shanghai Renji Hospital was generally a Grade Three First Class Hospital.[162] On May 23, 2007, the hospital was granted the license of liver and kidney transplant surgery by MOH.[163] The Hepatobiliary Surgery of Affiliated Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University became the top liver transplantation center in China.

1) Since 2011, the hospital had ranked 1st in transplantation field for 4 years

On Apr. 2015, the news web of Shanghai Jiaotong University claimed that the Hepatobiliary Surgery of Renji hospital had ranked 1st of Shanghai in transplant numbers for 8 years, and ranked 1st in China for 4 years since 2011. The liver transplantation surgery from living donor had ranked 1st in the world for 4 years.[164] Phoenix Web reported, the hepatobiliary surgery of Renji Hospital was currently the largest scale of any organ transplant center, based on its liver transplant surgery capabilities and outpatient clinics.[165]

Figure 6.40 Web Snapshot of Shanghai Jiaotong University's News

On Apr. 3, 2015, Xinhua Net forwarded an article from Jiefang Daily, claiming that the hepatobiliary surgery of Renji Hospital had ranked 1st in China for 4 continuous years.[166]

Figure 6.41 Web snapshot of Xinhua Net

Claiming to be 1st in China, Tianjin First Central Hospital, openly released that had achieved nearly 10,000 cases of liver transplant by the end of 2014.[167]

Figure 6.42 Web Snapshot of Tianjin First Central Hospital

According to our analysis of Tianjin First Central Hospital, the number of liver and kidney transplants exceeded 5,000 cases per year since 2006, nearly reaching 8,000 cases in 2013.

2) Robust liver transplantation surgical team

WOIPFG published a list of transplant surgeons of this hospital in 2014. We found 24 surgeons, including 2 chief surgeons, 3 deputy chief surgeons and 12 surgeons. Xiaqiang was the director and chief surgeon, professor of Organ Transplantation Center, Affiliated Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University.[168] According to Remin Web on Jun. 2006, “Just how many liver transplant surgeries he had performed, Xia Qiang couldn't count by himself. He only remembered the highest record was finishing 6 liver transplant surgeries in a single day.”[169]

Figure 6.43 June 2006, "People's Daily" article snapshot

In addition to Xiaqiang, there were other surgeons with an impressive transplant record. Zhang Jianjun, chief surgeon of liver surgery of Renji Hospital, had completed nearly 1,000 cases of liver transplantation and second liver transplantation, also completed 100 cases of infant liver transplantation from living donors.[170]

Xu Ning, chief surgeon of liver surgery of Renji Hospital, had focused on liver transplantation and pancreas transplantation's clinical and research since 2001, conducting more than 130 cases of liver transplants per year, providing assistance with more than 10 provincial hospitals developing liver transplant surgery[171], and participating in more than 1,000 cases of liver transplants.[172]

Li Qigen, chief surgeon of liver surgery of Renji Hospital had performed 1,000 cases of liver transplant and 100 cases of liver transplant from living donors, along with more than 150 cases of infant liver transplant.[173] Han Longzhi, chief surgeon of liver surgery of Renji Hospital, completed more than 500 cases of adult liver transplants and more than 150 cases of infant liver transplant.[174] Xing Tianyu, chief surgeon of liver surgery of Renji Hospital, had participated in more than 500 cases of liver transplants.[175] Shen Conghuan, chief surgeon of liver surgery of Renji Hospital, had engaged in liver transplant at the organ transplant center since Oct. 2004[176] and had participated in more than 500 cases of liver transplants along with 100 cases of infant liver transplant.[177] Lu Tianfei, resident doctor of liver surgery of Renji Hospital, had worked at liver transplant center since July 2006[178] and had participated in more than 500 cases of liver transplants.[179] If we took Xiaqiang's 6 cases of liver transplant per day as a base, the estimated number of liver transplant of this hospital would have reached 2,190 cases per year.

3) Transplant surgeons were extremely busy

The surgeons were extremely busy, with almost no days off-duty. Xia Qiang said, “I adopted a military style management for my team. Every health care professional must have his cell phone on 24 hours a day. Because liver transplant surgery requires you to go out to retrieve the donor organ at any time, we must be prepared to operate accordingly. Our doctors are on call all the time.” One doctor who was responsible for harvesting donated livers had logged over 60,000 kilometers in the air over 3 months. What frequently occurred was “on his way to exit the airport, the person was instructed to transfer to a flight for another place.”[180] “Inside the Renji Hospital, there are two big rooms full of kids waiting painstakingly for a liver donor. 60% of pediatric patients with biliary atresia waiting for liver donation in the entire country are gathered here. Because of large volumes of operations, the Renji Liver Transplant Center was immediately notified once a liver source is identified around the country. Therefore, doctors here must make sure their cell phones are on 24 hours a day, and be ready to travel for organ harvesting anytime, anywhere.”[181] From a media report on Renji Hospital, “busy” is the most common word. In an article published in 2013, “Non-Stop Liver Transplant Surgeries in Renji Hospital Made Doctors Unable to Leave through the Night”, it was said “This summer, Professor Xia Qiang at Renji Hospital’s Organ Transplant Center has been extremely busy. Operations were scheduled one after another, and he wasn’t able to leave the hospital throughout the evening. The annually increasing volume of surgeries is making Renji Hospital the nation’s largest liver transplant center.”[182]

Figure 6.44 August 2013, "Sina Shanghai," article snapshot

Qiu Feng (37-years-old, deputy director of Urology Surgery Division of Renji Hospital, and deputy Minister of the Medical Department) said, sometimes I performed 6 cases of kidney transplant continuously, started from 4pm to next 6am. After about one hour's sleep, the rounds followed. This is not the highest record, my highest record was kept for four days and nights without sleep, surgery in night and check patients at the daytime, because the donor was not waiting for anyone. Once there was a kidney, you have to do. This is my job.[183]

4) Based on the bed number at the hospital’s liver transplant center and high turnover rate, it could be suspected that this the annual number of liver transplants at this hospital could be as many as 1,000 cases

Organ Transplantation Center of Renji Hospital had hundred-level and ten thousand-level laminar flow operating rooms, which could have conducted 6 cases of liver transplant surgery at the same time.[184] Xiaqiang said, “The fourth day after I arrived at the Renji Hospital, I performed the first liver transplant surgery. In the following week, we successfully carried out 4 liver transplant surgeries.” The supervisors at the hospital witnessed Xia Qiang’s capability, as well as the potential of this young transplant team. They immediately made the decision to expand the number of beds at the liver transplant center from 13 to 23, during the “October 1st” holiday.[185] On June 28, 2007, according to the China’s Organ Transplant website, the number of beds for liver transplant reached 90.[186]

Figure 6.45 June 2007, China organ transplants webpage cached

There were 110 hospital beds for liver transplants in 2014. “Up to now, Renji Hospital has 3 inpatient areas, 110 hospital beds and more than 70 health care personnel. It has become the key specialist hospital among national clinics, under the ‘211 National Project’. It also became the National Clinical Pharmacology Institution and priority key to clinical discipline by the Shanghai Health and Planning Commission.”[187]

Figure 6.46 Web snapshot of Medical College of Shanghai Jiaotong University

In China, the liver transplant hospitalization takes an average of 30 days. Potentially, if we assume the turnover rate of the hospital beds is 100%, in 2004, 23 beds can have 276 cases of liver transplantation; in 2006, 90 beds can have 1080 cases of liver transplantation; thus 110 beds can support 1,320 cases of liver transplantation.

5) The hospital admitted that they obtained the organs directly from military

Until Feb 7, 2015, the liver transplant nurse on duty at Renji Hospital admitted that organs were sourced from the military.[188] Yet the military does not control the prisons and death penalty criminals. So it can only be connected to the live organs from the detained Falun Gong practitioners.[189]

6) The public data of kidney transplant released by this hospital was suspected to be fake

In the hospital's introduction in 2007, it said "the center completed nearly 200 cases of liver transplant each year.”[190] On July 2013, it still said the number of liver transplant, conducted by Liver Surgery of Renji Hospital, reached more than 200 cases per year.[191] Since 2006, the number of liver transplant were basically stable at more than 200 cases of liver transplant per year, this statement didn't match the substantial increase in beds. If the liver transplant center continued to maintain more than 200 cases of liver transplant per year, did the current 110 beds' turnover rate seem surprisingly low? The bed occupancy rate of Grade Three Class A hospitals generally reached 103% in 2013.[192] Because of its Shanghai location, this hospital established a branch hospital, and invented a lot of ways to speed up the bed turnover, including the "Day Surgery Center", allowed the surgical patients to only "stay" 24-48 hours, increasing the turnover of beds substantially, and decreasing patient medical expenses by 10% - 30%.[193]

Figure 6.47 Snapshot of Eastday Website

In addition, 200 liver transplants did not match the hospital claim to be ranked 1st in China over the past four years. The hospital should be at least comparable to the number of liver transplant in Tianjin First Central Hospital, to call itself first rank. Until 2014 Nov., the number of liver transplant exceeded 10,000 cases according to the public sources of Tianjin First Central Hospital.[194] The center completed nearly 200 cases of liver transplants each year, which does not match with the report in 2013: "the amount of surgery annually increased, give way to Tongji Hospital becoming the largest liver transplant centers."[195] We believe the hospital's liver transplants are probably well over 1,000 cases per year.

12. Changzheng Hospital, affiliated with the PLA Second Military Medical University, reaches up to a thousand cases of liver and kidney transplantations annually

On May 23, 2007, the Ministry of Health designated this hospital to undertake liver and kidney transplantations. [196] It is one of the key hospitals in the military system.

1) The Organ Transplant Center of Changzheng Hospital, affiliated with the Second Military Medical University, was the first military organ transplantation research institute

The Organ Transplant Center of Changzheng Hospital, affiliated with the Second Military Medical University, was established in early 2003 by combining a kidney transplantation group in the Department of Urology and a liver transplantation group in the Department of General Surgery. It was approved on December 17, 2003, as the first PLA institute of organ transplant, by the PLA Department of General Logistics.[197] It is now the highest level organ transplantation institution in the military, combining clinical medicine, teaching and research. It has carried out many kinds of transplantations, such as kidney, liver, heart, liver-kidney, pancreas-kidney transplantations. The number of transplantation cases ranked among the top in China. The Organ Transplantation Research Institute made medical advances in adult liver transplantation, adult kidney transplantation, pediatric liver transplantation, pediatric kidney transplantation, live liver transplantation, live kidney transplantation, liver and kidney joint transplantation, pancreas and kidney joint transplantation.[198] The Organ Transplantation Center of the Second Military Medical University was also set up in the Changzheng Hospital, and so was the “Shanghai Kidney Transplantation Quality Control Center.”[199] It boasts a leading position in the nation regarding kidney transplantation technology and took a lead in developing the renal and multiple organ preservation solution in China, placing China as one of international leaders in this field[200], as "98% of China's hospitals are using this preservation solution."[201]

2) The annual number of liver and kidney transplantations is estimated to be over 1000 based on the number of beds and turnover rate

The Organ Transplant Center of Changzheng Hospital Affiliated with the Second Military Medical University has 120 beds. It has a liver transplantation, kidney transplantation, liver and gallbladder surgery clinic, hospitalization ward, and an organ transplantation rehabilitation ward. It has 6 labs including tissue matching, medicine concentration monitoring, organs storage, animal testing, transplantation immunology and transplantation pathology.[202] Concerning the number of beds, we assume a turnover rate of 100%, and a hospitalization time of 30 days for liver or kidney transplantations. Each year it has capacity to perform 1460 (120×365×100%/30=1460), or over 1000 cases of liver and kidney transplantations. (Method of calculation: number of beds × number days in a year × bed turnover rate / average number of hospitalization days for liver and kidney transplantations = number of liver and kidney transplantations completed annually).

Figure 6.48 Website snapshot from Shanghai Changzheng Hospital

3) The Transplantation Center carries out emergency liver transplantation, with waiting time as short as 4 hours

During the 3 years from 2003 to 2006, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated with the PLA Second Military Medical University carried out 120 cases of emergency liver transplantation. The recipients were serious hepatitis patients, with the average survival time being 3 days after hospitalization. “Emergency liver transplantation is the only way. The shortest waiting time of liver transplantation was 4 hours after patient was admitted to the hospital.”[203] The hospital clearly has the ability to obtain live donor organs quickly.

Figure 6.49 “Journal of Clinical Surgery” Article Published in June 2006

On the name list of the Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, the section to introduce Ma Jun claims: Up to now, completed over 1,240 cases of liver transplantation processing around the operations (including 300 cases of serious hepatitis).[204]

4) The Changzheng Hospital’s liver and kidney transplantation team is very strong and the daily number of transplantations is competitive

The Transplantation Center of the Changzheng Hospital Affiliated with the PLA Second Military Medical University has a staff of over 60 people, among which are 15 senior members.[205] In 2014, WOIPFG published a list of transplantation doctors in the hospital. From the official websites and published articles, we can verify 59 doctors who carried out liver and kidney transplantations.[206] In the kidney transplantation division, there are 6 chief physicians, 6 deputy chief physicians, 2 attending physicians, and 15 other staff members. In the liver transplantation division, there are 2 chief physicians, 5 deputy chief physicians, 1 attending physicians, and 22 other staff members. They can form many teams to carry out liver and kidney transplantations.

Zhu Youhua, director of the Organ Transplantation Center of the Shanghai Changzheng Hospital, carried out at least 3,680 kidney transplantations by 2010.[207] He also carried out 5 kidney transplantations in a single day.[208] Min Zhilian, boasting an early start in kidney transplantation operations and remarkable fame from his clinical practice and research, was the first doctor in China to reach 2000 operations. He has now performed over 2600 kidney transplantations.[209] Ding Guoshan, professor at the Organs Transplantation Center, chief physician, has carried out over a thousand liver transplants.[210] The Organ Transplantation Center’s official website claims, that in the 9 days from April 22 to April 30 2005, the Center carried out 16 liver transplantations and 15 kidney transplantations. [211]

Figure 6.50 Website Snapshot from Institute of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai Changzheng Hospital

With such a strong transplantation team and high daily volume, the hospital’s liver and kidney transplantations easily exceed 1,000 per year.

13. The Southwest Hospital of the PLA’s Third Military Medical University has a Hepatobiliary Surgery Research Institute for the entire army; as one of the military’s key liver transplant hospitals, the number of transplantations reaches 3,000 cases per year

Southwest Hospital is one of the major hepatobiliary surgery institutes both in China and overseas. In 2000, it was named as the PLA Liver Transplant Center.[212] It was recognized in 2001 as the PLA’s key laboratory for liver transplant.[213] In 2004, the Southwest Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital and Pittsburg University’s Starzl Transplant Institute jointly established an International Collaboration Liver Transplant Center.[214]

1) The annual number of liver and kidney transplantations is estimated to be over 3,000 cases based on the number of beds and turnover rate

In 2004, the Southwest Hospital’s Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute expanded to 168 beds. [215] Subsequently, it expanded to 200 beds. [216] Its Kidney Division’s live kidney transplantation technique has a leading position in Southwestern China, with 64 standard beds plus 22 dialysis beds in 2010. [217] The hospital’s Eye Division built the first national-level eye pool among military hospitals and has been working on corneal transplants on a large scale.

Calculating from the number of beds and assuming a turnover rate of 100%, and a hospitalization time of 30 days for liver or kidney transplantations, this hospital’s liver and kidney transplantation divisions have a total of 286 beds. Each year it can perform (286×365×100%/30=3,479), or over 3000 cases of liver and kidney transplantations.

2) The Southwest Hospital boasts a strong physicians team, indicating a large number of transplants

The Southwest Hospital’s Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute has 168 beds, 10 professors and 6 associate professors. All staff members with medium level titles or higher have PhD degrees. It combines clinical medicine, teaching, and research, and has become the largest hepatobiliary surgery and liver transplantation center in China. [218] Dong Jiahong, director of the Southwest Hospital’s Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute, claimed that this hospital “operated on 6 cases of liver transplant surgeries simultaneously in a day.”[219]

3) The Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute of the Southwest Hospital is a key laboratory of liver transplantation in the Military, and was recognized as a most important research asset for the Military[220]

4) The Hospital has an abundant organ supply source, that can provide a matching donor in a few hours

According to “Urumqi Online”, Sina webpages and “Nurses Today” magazine, in the afternoon of September 28, 2005, Huang Jiefu, Deputy Minister of Health, performed an autologous liver transplantation at the First Affiliated Hospital of the Xinjiang Medical University, using 2 living persons as backup donors.

Huang Jiefu contacted the First Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University located in Guangzhou, as well as the Liver Disease Clinical Center of the Southwest Hospital of the PLA’s Third Military Medical University, asking each of them to prepare a backup liver, in case the primary source failed. “Chinese Nurses” claimed that within a few hours in the afternoon of September 28, the First Affiliated Hospital at Sun Yat-sen University and the Southwest Hospital in Chongqing had found backup livers “with same blood type and key DNA points”. At 6:30pm on September 29, a matching liver arrived from Chongqing.[221]

14. Eastern Hepatobiliary Hospital, Affiliated Second Military Medical University; from the number of hospital beds the amount of transplants is fairly similar to Tianjin First Central Hospital with 5,000 transplants annually

Third Affiliated Hospital, Second Military Medical University (Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute) is a Third Level First Class general hospital in hepatobiliary surgery featuring an area of 200,000 square meters, expandable to 1500 beds.[222]

Dean Wu Mengchao is the Army's chief adviser on organ transplantation often called the "father of Chinese Hepatobiliary Surgery."[223] Jiang Zemin met Wu Mengchao five times[224], and gave him a personal award. On May 11, 2011, Wu Mengchao and his student, Wang Hongyang accepted a Sina interview. The reporter asked: "How is the current level of Liver transplantation in our country?" Wu Mengchao answered: "The number of liver transplants we are doing is the largest of world, with good quality and good results, which has caught up with international standards.” [225]

3) From the number of hospital beds and the occupancy status, the amount of transplants is huge

The hospital has 742 beds[226], 11 surgical departments, with at least seven oriented toward liver transplants, and various departments: treatment in need[227], liver transplantation department[228], first extrahepatic department[229], first biliary department[230], third extrahepatic department[231], fifth extrahepatic department[232], and second biliary department.[233] Due to demand, the hospital constructed a new branch, and increased to 1,500 beds[234]. From the number of hospital beds, the real amount of transplants at this hospital is likely not less than Tianjin First Central Hospital.

Figure 6.51 Snapshot of Eastday Website

Wu Mengchao said that the number of liver transplants we are doing is the largest in the world. Tianjin First Central Hospital transplant building has 500 beds[235]; similarly, if Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital beds are available for transplant are calculated according to a bed turnover rate of 100%, and assuming the length of stay is 30 days of liver transplantation, every year has the potential of over 6000 (500 × 365 × 100% / 30 = 6,083) cases of liver transplantation.

4) Potentially, a huge amount of transplants in the hospital

The hospital has 8 chief physicians performing liver transplants, 7 deputy chief physicians, 2 physicians, and 49 in total. Minghui reported that by 2010, Wu Mengchao completed more than 4,000 liver transplants.[236]

5) President Liu Jingfeng was the leader of organ transplant technology in Fujian Province

In 2011, based on the infectious diseases hospital in Fuzhou, Fujian Medical University and the Second Military Medical University founded the Mengchao Hepatobiliary Hospital of Fujian Medical University. In 2012, Liu Jingfeng was the president of this hospital. He also was a leader of organ transplant technology. He had engaged in hepatobiliary surgery and liver transplantation, and had establish techniques for advanced liver disease.[237] Liu trained 63 doctoral and masters students, and many of them had become the backbone of the field of organ transplantation.[238] The hospital claimed it was licensed by MOH to conduct liver transplantation in Fujian province. It had two wards and 86 beds. Currently, there are 16 doctorate and master’s degrees, 3 chief physicians (including 1 professor, and 2 associate professor), and 4 deputy chief physicians.[239]

15. The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, the location of multiple organ transplantation research laboratory of the Ministry of Health was the largest organ transplant center of eastern area and the number of liver and kidney transplants was up to 1,000 cases per year

On May 23, 2007, the hospital was designated by the Ministry of Health to carry out liver transplants and kidney transplants.[240]

1) This hospital was the location of the multiple organ transplantation research Laboratory of Ministry of Health, and the largest organ transplant center of the eastern area

The Research Laboratory of Department of Health multi-organ transplantation was established in March 2001, and the laboratory is located in the first Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine. It established clinical aspects of liver transplantation, kidney transplantation, bone marrow transplantation, heart-lung transplant and other special clinical areas. The multi-organ transplantation of this hospital has become one of the largest organ transplant centers in China, and the largest one in Eastern area. It took the lead in carrying out liver transplants, pancreas transplants and multiple organ transplantation clinical practice early in Zhejiang province.[241]

The research Laboratory of multiple organ transplantation was has10,000 square meters, with 50 million RMB value equipment and it was a national key clinical specialist in 2013. There were ten research technology platforms: scale biological samples platform, proteome research platform, epigenetic research platform, tumor molecular and immunological research platform, graft protection research platform, transplantation immunology research platform, porting platform for technological innovation, individual drug therapy research platform, bioinformatics research platform, and a transplantation animal model research platform.[242]

Figure 6.52 Snapshot of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Website

2) From the beds and turnover rate, we can calculate the amount of the kidney transplant in the center arrived 4,000 cases per year

Hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery and transplant liver transplant ward together had about 340 beds.[243] The Kidney Disease Center had 40 beds.[244]

Figure 6.53 Snapshot of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University Website

So if we took 380 (340 + 40 = 380) beds sheets for calculation, with an average 30-day length of stay for liver and kidney transplants and a 100% turnover rate, we could calculate the amount of liver and kidney transplants at 4,623 cases per year (380 × 365 × 100% / 30 = 4,623).

3) The hospital kidney transplant team had a strong capability

Hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery (liver transplant ward) had 13 professors with advanced titles, 26 high titles. There were 134 surgeons[245] and they can form more than 10 liver transplant teams. In the List of Medical Personnel Suspected of Extracting Organs from Living Falun Gong Practitioners released by WOIPFG[246], there were 44 surgeons in kidney transplants, including 5 chief physicians, 8 associate professors and deputy chief physicians. The hepatobiliary surgery and organ transplant centers also undertook national training, hosted national organ transplant and hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery progress classes, received fellows from various provinces' medical institute, and helped Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Huashan hospital, Fudan University, first Affiliated hospital of Dalian Medical College, and the first Affiliated hospital of Xinjiang Medical University to carry out liver transplants.[247]

On Jan. 28, 2005, Zheng Shusen completed five consecutive cases of liver transplant surgery at the day, and conducted 11 cases of liver transplantation in one week.[248] If he conducted 11 cases of liver transplantation per week, it would be 572 cases in one year. So if this hospital had 10 teams, they would have completed at least 5,000 cases of liver transplantation. In summary, the transplant number of this hospital easily reaches 1,000 cases per year.

16. Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region annual transplants ranked in the top three for six consecutive years

On May 23, 2007, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region was designated for developing liver and kidney transplants by MOH.[249] In 2011, the Center of Kidney Transplant and Dialysis Treatment of Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, was upgraded and renamed as PLA Institute of Cells and Organ Transplantation Research.[250] The transplant surgery included kidney, liver, pancreas and other major organs as well as pancreatic islet cell, stem cell and corneas. There were 11 kinds of organ transplant, from single-organ transplant to multi-organ transplant. According to the hospital website, the hospital’s accumulated quantity of kidney transplants ranked 1st in China, with annual transplants ranking top 3rd in six consecutive years. The centers of transplant and urology surgery were approved as key laboratories of Transplant Biology, Stem Cell Application Engineering Technology and Research Center of Fujian Province, and PLA Key Lab for Rebuilding and Restoring Organs.[251] PLA 309 Hospital of the Nanjing Military Region, claimed that it kept ranking first in transplants for three years[252]. We estimated the transplant quantity of PLA 309 Hospital was about 3,000 cases per year. Since 2001, the number of kidney transplants in Fuzhou General Hospital should exceed 1,000 cases per year.

2) The hospital was one of China’s largest organ transplant centers, using “organ transplants as the leader to drive the growth of other sciences”

The hospital focused on the research of organ transplant gene matching and microarray gene biological research. The surgery type included heart, lungs and liver-kidney, pancreas-kidney, liver and pancreas-kidney, cornea, and bone marrow. The type, quantity and quality of organ transplants all were ranked in the highest levels in China.[253]

3) The Hospital’s Organ Transplant Center provided emergency surgery of liver transplants, with sufficient organ supplies

The hospital had completed more than 40 cases of emergency liver transplants.[254]

4) Daily organ transplants indicated that the actual transplantation quantity in the hospital was very large

On Jan. 17, 2006, Fuzhou General Hospital completed three liver transplants simultaneously.[255] Starting from 12:00am, Feb. 18, 2014, 16 surgeons of hepatobiliary department worked for 17 hours and completed 5 cases of liver transplant surgery.[256] One of the cases was an emergency liver transplant.[257]

5) The hospital has massive capability and appears to have good organ sources

According to the surgeons list released by WOIPFG in 2014[258], there were 53 physicians in kidney transplantation department, including 8 chief physicians, 10 deputy chief physicians and 4 primary surgeons, and 31 others. They can compose more than 10 kidney transplant teams. For the liver transplant department, there were 36 physicians had participated in organ transplants, with 8 director physicians, 6 deputy director physicians, 8 chief physicians and 14 other physicians, which could comprise at least 8 teams for liver transplants.

Tan Jianming, director of Shanghai Organ Transplant Research Center, was the vice president of Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, the director of the Urology Department and the director of the PLA’s Organ Transplant Research Center. And he was the responsible person for the development of organ transplants, which was appointed as the national key science. Tan has completed more than 4,200 cases of kidney transplants, 23 cases of liver-kidney joint transplants, 9 cases of pancreas-kidney joint transplants, 45 cases of pancreas after kidney (PAK) transplant, and 1 case of liver-pancreas-kidney joint transplant.[259] Because Tan himself had presided 4,200 cases of kidney transplants, the amount of liver and kidney transplant for the entire hospital should be similar.

Figure6.54 Snapshot of People Web

6) The hospital used more than 40 people’s pancreas for islet transplant's clinical test.

Tan Jianmin participated in human body experiments. Within 2 years he worked on more than 40 cases of islet transplants' experiment. Before 2002, he failed with 40 samples. By the end of 2002, he finally succeeded in separating pancreatic cells of human body. A set of medical problems were solved including adult pancreatic digestion, islet cell separation and purification. In early 2003, Tan made an islet cell transplant for a 13-year-old diabetes patient.[260]

17. Jiangsu People’s Hospital is a key laboratory of liver transplantation from living donors designated by MOH and the quantity of liver transplantation was more than 1,000 cases per year

On May 23, 2007, Jiangsu People's Hospital was designated by MOH as a liver and kidney transplant hospital.[261]

1) Jiangsu People’s Hospital is the Largest Hospital in Jiangsu Province and a Key Liver Transplant Laboratory from liver donor by MOH

Jiangsu People’s Hospital(Nanjing Medical University’s No. 1 Affiliated Hospital, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Research Institute, Jiangsu Red Cross Hospital) is the largest first-class grade three general hospital in Jiangsu province.[262] The Key Liver Transplant Laboratory was set up based on Jiangsu Liver Transplant Center, Liver Cancer Research Center of Nanjing Medical University and Transplantation Immunology Laboratory. It was the first liver transplant and liver surgery institute featuring living-related liver transplantation. It had a clinical liver transplant center with 2 in-patient areas and the center has a transplant immunology laboratory, liver cancer laboratory and dendritic cell workshop. The institute had 8 professionals with senior professional titles, more than 30 surgeons with postdoctoral and doctor degrees. It also has international advanced high-tech medical and scientific research equipment with a total value of 20 million RMB.[263]

2) The liver transplantation quantity was 2,000 cases each year based on the calculation of beds and turnover rate

The Liver Surgery Research Institute included 2 wards with 110 beds and 1 key laboratory of the MOH. This institute specially put the focus on liver transplant, living-donor liver transplant and pre-op and post-op issues.[264]

Urology Surgery had reached the domestic advanced level in the areas of kidney transplantations and multi-organs transplantations and it had 94 beds in the department and 18 beds in the branch.[265] If the turnover rate was 100%, the length of stay for a liver and/or a kidney transplant patient was 30 days and the total number of beds was 222 (110+94+18), we calculate the hospital could conduct more than 2,000 liver and kidney transplants per year (the method of calculation: 222×365×100%/30=2,701).

3) Jiangsu People's Hospital has a very strong team of transplantation surgeons

The Liver Surgery Institute had a medical team led by Professor Wang Xuehao, a fellow of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. It included 9 members with a professor title, 12 with an associate professor title. The total number of medical professionals was 62 and among them 90% held a doctorate degree. Wang Xuehao, the team leader, was a fellow at the Chinese Academy of Engineering, the professor at the department of surgery of Nanjing Medical University, the postdoctoral advisor, the nation’s well-known organ transplant and hepatobiliary surgery expert, and the pioneer in China’s living-donor liver transplantation. Wang now served as the Director of the Ministry of Health’s Living-Donor Liver Transplant Key Laboratory and the academic committee, Chairman of Chinese Medical Microbiology and Immunology’s Subchapter of Transplant Immunology, a member of Ministry of Health’s human organ transplant exerts team, and Associate Director of the Medical Association in Jiangsu province.[266] Wang promoted his living-donor liver transplant techniques in more than 20 provinces around the nation.[267]

Urology Surgery has 26 surgeons including 6 with senior professional titles, 6 with associate senior professional titles and 7 with medium-level professional titles.[268] They can be formed into several liver and kidney transplant teams.

4) The liver transplant surgeons in the hospitals were extremely busy

Wang Xuehao can spend average 3-4 hours performing a liver transplantation surgery, and the quality and quantity of surgeries rank at the forefront of the country.[269] The liver transplant center led by Wang can be regarded as a quasi-military organization and the surgeons have no holidays. When others stop working, Wang was still leading his team to be working on experiments and surgeries. They usually spend more than 10 hours on surgeries, sometimes losing consciousness because of swelling legs.[270]

Figure 6.55 Snapshot of study style construction topics

In summary, the hospital's liver and kidney transplantation quantity can reach 1,000 cases per year.

18. The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University claimed to be in the 2nd rank of transplant quantity; Huang Jiefu was the Honorary Director of the Organ Transplantation Division, where he performed more than 1,000 cases of liver and kidney transplants

On May 23, 2007, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University was designated by the Ministry of Health to carry out liver and kidney transplants.[271]

1) The hospital claimed it ranked 2nd in total scale of transplants, and became one of the main birthplaces of clinical large-sized organ transplantation

The Transplant Center at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, has performed the most types of organ transplants in the country and became one of the national largest transplant centers.[272] The scale of transplants ranked 2nd in China.[273] In 2006, the center was one of China's three major training centers for liver transplant of CMB. There were staff from 42 domestic hospitals who came to visit and study.[274] In 1996, Huang Jiefu and Zheng Keli built up the Department of Organ Transplantation at the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, which had become an established independent organ transplant center. This hospital had become one of the main birthplaces of Chinese clinical large-sized organ transplantation. The number of cases of kidney transplant and its clinical efficacy had been increasing steadily, always among the top rank in the nation. In 2006, Ministry of Health approved the center as a national leveled kidney transplant technology training base.[275]

Although we didn't know exactly which hospital was the No. 1 in scale of transplant each year in China, we theorized that Tianjin First Central Hospital performed 5,000-8,000 cases per year from 2006 to 2014. And PLA 309 hospital conducted 3,000 cases per year, Tongji hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology also performed more than 1,000 cases of kidney transplant per year.[276] Based on those numbers, it can be determined that the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, so called number two in the nation for its transplantation scale, could perform actual kidney transplant up to a few thousands of cases each year.

2) The highest record was 19 cases of kidney transplant in one day

On March 14, 2006, as Guangzhou Daily reported, in the operating room of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, the reporter witnessed five cases of liver transplant, and six cases of kidney transplant were carried out simultaneously. The highest record was 19 cases of kidney transplant performed within a day. The highest record for liver transplantation was 6 cases, plus 1 multi-organ transplant in a day.[277] The hospital can simultaneously carry out five liver transplants and six kidney transplants.

Figure 6.56 Snapshot of Guangzhou Daily Website

3) 53 surgeons performed large quantity of transplants

In 2014, WOIPFG released a list of doctors who did transplants in the hospital.[278] We have found from the official website and published papers that 53 doctors of this hospital actually performed liver and kidney transplants. Among them, there were 16 chief physicians, 9 deputy chief physicians, 8 attending physicians, and 20 other staff members. They can be divided into more than 10 liver/ kidney transplant teams. Zheng Keli, Urology Chief Physician of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, professor (retired now), has been charged with doing more than 3,000 cases of kidney transplantation.[279] Wang Changxi, professor of Organ Transplantation of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, was involved in more than 2,000 cases of clinical kidney transplantation, among which he performed more than 700 cases.[280] Zhu Xiaofeng, Professor of Organ Transplantation of the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, has implemented more than 1,000 cases of liver transplants, among which he was the chief surgeon for more than 600 cases. He also completed 13 cases of abdominal multi-organ transplant and 16 cases of pancreas-kidney joint transplant.[281] Yuan Xiaopeng, deputy chief physician of Organ Transplantation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, had participated in more than 3,000 cases of kidney transplant, among which he was the chief surgeon for more than 500 cases.[282]

4) The hospital has adequate donor sources, and is able to find a matching donor within a few hours.

According to reports from Urumqi Online, Sina Net and the Chinese Nurses magazine, on Sep. 28, 2005, Huang Jiefu, the Vice Minister of Ministry of Health, demonstrated a self-donor liver transplant in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, using two living persons as backup liver donors.

In summary, amount of liver /kidney transplant at the hospital can exceed more than 1,000 cases per year.

19. The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, National Key Discipline of Ministry of Education and National Clinical Key Discipline of MOH, was also the location of the Guangdong Province Organ Transplantation Center; its liver and kidney transplants were more than 1,000 per year

On May 23 2007, this hospital received designation from Ministry of Health to carry out liver transplantation.[283] In 2004, it was designated by Guangdong Province as a class A hospital that can carry out liver and kidney transplants.[284]

1) The Organ Transplantation Center of this hospital was a key discipline by the national Ministry of Education, and a key clinical medicine discipline by the Ministry of Health. It was the central institution of the Organ Transplantation Research Center of the Guangdong Province, and a national level center for organ transplantation clinical medicine and research. [285]

This hospital’s Liver Transplantation Center was the main body of the “Liver Transplantation Center of the Sun Yat-sen University Organ Transplantation Research Institute, Liver Transplantation Center”. It was also the parent institution of the Organ Transplantation Research Center of the Guangdong Province.[286] It boasted a “first class standard in organ transplantation in China”. The number of transplantations was at the “leading level in the nation”, and it claimed to be one of the liver transplantation centers that developed fastest. [287] The Center claimed to have established a national level organ transplantation clinic and research center which was the first class in China, even with an effect on the international field. And it was leading in the Southern region, and contracted the patients from Hong Kong, Macau, and Southeastern Asia.[288] The kidney transplantation was in a leading position in China as well as in Guangdong Province.[289]

2) The annual number of liver and kidney transplantations is estimated to be over 1,000 based on the beds and turnover rate

The Center had five professional directions including liver transplantation, pancreas, small intestine and joint organ transplantation and serious illness transplantation medicine. There were 5 wards, as well as 1 interventional radiology diagnosis and transplantation treatment group, 1 transplantation ultrasound diagnosis and treatment group, 1 specialist test lab and 1 organ transplant biological treatment center. And there were 113 beds. [290]

Figure 6.57 Snapshot of the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University Website

In China, the average length of stay was 30 days for liver transplant patients. Assuming a turnover rate of 100%, with 113 beds, it could perform 1,374 liver transplantations per year (113×365×100%/30=1,374).

3) The Hospital’s Liver and Kidney Transplantation team can reach 1000 transplants a year

According to the surgeons list released by WOIPFG[291], there were 28 physicians in liver transplantation department, including 6 chief physicians, 7 deputy chief physicians and 2 primary surgeons, and 13 other staff members.

On Feb. 23, 2006, the Southern China magazine stated that Chen Guihua, Dean of the Third Affiliated Hospital of the Sun Yat-sen University carried out 246 liver transplantations in one year.[292] On Feb. 10, 2004, he performed 4 liver transplantations simultaneously.[293] There were 28 physicians that can perform liver transplantations, who can make up 4 to 5 liver transplantation teams. Assuming one team can perform the same number of transplantations as Chen Guihua himself, then this hospital can perform at least 1,000 cases of liver transplantations in a year.

Figure 6.58 Snapshot of Southern China Magazine Website

20. Xiangya Hospital of Central South University is the location of Ministry of Health Hepatobiliary and Enteric Surgery Research Center and a Nation-level Organ Transplantation Diagnosis and Treatment Research Center; it can complete 17 liver and kidney transplantation surgeries a day and can reach 1,000 cases of transplantation per year

Xiangya Hospital of Central South University had 3 research and training centers under direct supervision of Ministry of Health, which were Hepatobiliary and Enteric Surgery Research Center of Ministry of Health, National Nosocomial Infection Training Center and National Medical Hyperbaric Oxygen Training Center. It has 2 ministry-level key laboratories, which are Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Nano Biotechnology and Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Proteomics.[294]

1) The Hospital is the location of Ministry of Health Hepatobiliary and Enteric Surgery Research Center, Central South University Renal Disease and Blood Purification Institute and Nation-level Organ Transplantation Diagnosis and Treatment Research Center.

Ministry of Health Hepatobiliary and Enteric Surgery Research Center was the key clinical base of Ministry of Health Hepatobiliary and Enteric Surgery, which had an organ transplant center. The Center had 5 workshops including liver surgery, organ transplantation, Biliary Surgery and Biomedical Science. They performed Piggyback Liver Transplantation in clinical area.[295] The center had set up several bases including Xiaolan Base[296], Inner Mongolia Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute[297], Ruikang Hospital Clinical Base[298] to guide those hospitals to perform liver transplantation. In July 2003, Zhongshan Xiaolan hospital and Ministry of Health Hepatobiliary and Enteric Surgery Research Center co-founded the Xiaolan base to solve the problems related to liver transplantation research to enable the hospital have a solid foundation in the liver transplantation area.[299] Health News reported in June 2011, that "Inner Mongolia Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute was set up in Baogang Hospital." The article said that the set-up of Inner Mongolia Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute will enhance the cooperation between Ministry of Health Hepatobiliary and Enteric Surgery Research Center and Baogang Hospital in the areas of research, teaching, medical training. The General Surgery of Baogang Hospital was Inner Mongolia Liver Transplantation Center and liver transplantation had become its characteristics and advantages.[300] The Hospital set up organ transplantation center in September 2004 and liver transplantation then became a routine surgery.[301] Central South University Renal Disease and Blood Purification Institute can perform kidney transplantation. Li Leishi from Nanjing Military General Hospital Kidney Transplantation Center and Academician Liu Zhihong were appointed as Chief Scientists of Central South University Renal Disease and Blood Purification Institute.[302]

2) The peak day had 17 cases of transplantation surgeries

According to the report from Xiangya Hospital's website, on May 26, 2005, the hospital completed 1 liver transplantation surgery, 6 kidney transplantation surgeries and 8 corneal transplantation surgeries.[303] On Sep. 3, 2005, the hospital completed 7 heart, liver and kidney transplantation surgeries.[304] On February 2006, the hospital completed 2 liver transplantation surgeries within 72 hours.[305] On April 28, 2006 the hospital completed 17 transplantation surgeries including 2 liver transplantation surgeries, 7 kidney transplantation surgeries and 8 corneal transplantation surgeries.[306] This indicated that the hospital had very strong transplantation teams and advanced hardware facilities. Assuming the daily transplantation number was 3 cases of liver and kidney transplantation surgeries, the annual amount can reach 1,000 cases.

3) With abundant donor organs, the organ transplantation center can perform emergency liver transplantation

The hospital claimed that since 2002 they have completed 38 cases of liver transplantation for severe hepatitis acute liver failure patients.[307] Severe hepatitis patients only can live for 3 days after hospitalization, and "the only way is emergency liver transplantation."[308]

4) The hospital had strong liver and kidney transplantation surgeon teams

Ministry of Health Hepatobiliary and Enteric Surgery Research Center had 129 surgeons and teaching and research staff, including 12 professors or relevant titles, and 26 deputy professors or relevant titles.[309]

According to the surgeons list released by WOIPFG in 2014[310], there were 16 physicians in kidney transplantation department, including 7 chief physicians, 2 deputy chief physicians and 32 primary surgeons, a 4 regular staff. They can conduct 7 cases of kidney transplant in one day[311], and compose 7 kidney transplant teams. There were 10 physicians in the liver transplantation department, including 5 chief physicians, 4 deputy chief physicians and 1 primary surgeon. They also can compose several liver transplant teams.

5) Calculating from the number of beds and bed turnover rate of the liver transplantation center, we concluded that the annual amount of liver transplantation in this hospital had reached over 1,000 cases.

If we consider that the hospital has 100 beds for liver and kidney transplantation, and we use a 30-day length of stay and a 100% bed turnover rate, we conclude that the annual amount of liver and kidney transplantation of this hospital can reach 1,216 cases (100×365×100%/30=1,216). In summary, the annual amount of liver and kidney transplantation in the hospital can reach 1,000 cases.

21. West China Hospital of Sichuan University, the location of Key Laboratory of Transplantation Engineering & immunology Research and the Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary of MOH, performs 1,000 transplants per year

On May 23, 2007, West China Hospital of Sichuan University was designated by the Ministry of Health to carry out liver and kidney transplants.[312]

1) The hospital was the location of Key Laboratory of Transplantation Engineering & immunology Research and the Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary Research of MOH, the national organ transplant treatment and research center

In 2002, West China Hospital of Sichuan University was approved to be the Key Laboratory of Transplantation Engineering & immunology Research and the Institute of Hepatopancreatobiliary Research of MOH.[313] Hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery for liver transplantation was in the leading domestic and international first class. It was also one of the few pancreas transplant centers, carried out simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation.

2) The amount of one-day hospital transplants was high

Liver transplant centers carried out 7 liver transplants on the same day, which was the most daily surgery cases in the liver transplant field in China.[314]

3) According to the hardware facilities, high bed turnover rate and the number of beds in the hospital's liver transplant center, we conclude that the number of liver and kidney transplants exceeds 1,000 cases per year

In West China Hospital of Sichuan University (formerly the affiliated first hospital of West China Medical University), the liver transplant center was also used as a medical and research institution, including teaching and scientific research. It relied on national key disciplines of the Ministry of Education - General Surgery of West China Hospital, and the Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Research of MOH. The center included a transplant ward with 72 beds, a transplantation immunology laboratory, microcirculation and a tissue typing laboratory.[315]

Figure 6.59 Snapshot of West China Hospital Website

The Center had a full set of imported equipment, including 5 sets of liver transplant equipment, with the ability to complete five liver transplants at the same time.[316]

Figure 6.60 Snapshot of West China Hospital Website

The hospital had the largest number of beds in the urology ward, including 197 beds in general urology and 31 beds for kidney transplant.[317] In general, in two weeks before kidney transplant surgery and two weeks after it, the urologist was in charge of the patient. After 2 weeks, if there were no surgical complications, the patient would be transferred to physician treatment, and, after removal of ureteral stents, patient could leave hospital. The length of stay for patient should be above 30 days.[318] The hospital improved the third comprehensive ward to shorten the average length of stay for kidney transplant patients. The kidney transplantation surgical treatment times were shortened to 10 days, greatly increasing the bed turnover rate.[319] If we used 103 beds (72 liver transplant beds plus 31 kidney transplant beds equaled 103 beds), a 20-day average length of stay and a 100% bed turnover rate, we estimate 1,879 annual cases (103 × 365 × 100% / 20 = 1,879).

4) The hospital had a good team of liver transplant doctors

The liver transplant center has had a strong team since 2004, with liver transplant top experts Yan Lunan, 8 professors and chief physicians, 16 deputy chief physicians, and more than 30 doctoral and post-doctoral surgeons.[320] The Kidney Transplant Center of West China Hospital had 3 chief physicians and professors, 2 deputy professors and chief physicians (most of them had trained in Europe, and the U.S.), and 2 physicians, who can compose multiple liver transplant teams.[321]

5) The official website of the hospital has tampered with the data

The West China Hospital of Sichuan University published the following introduction to the kidney transplant center in Feb. 2005: Since in February 2005, the first case of kidney transplant carried out, we had conducted more than 4,000 cases of kidney transplants.[322]

Figure 6.61 The Introduction of Kidney Transplant Center published in 2005

But on Sep. 2014, the introduction changed to:[323] "We had conducted more than 2,500 cases of kidney transplant surgery. Since 2011, we finished more than 200 cases of kidney transplant per year."

Figure 6.62 Introduction of Kidney Transplant Center published in 2014

22. For the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, the demonstration center of Mid-western China, the number of liver transplants exceeded 1,000 cases per year

The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University was the first hospital in Northwest area to conduct the kidney transplant. It also was one of the biggest transplant center of China.

1) The hospital was the location of Key Laboratory of Forensic medicine of MOH, and claimed their research of organ transplant matching reached international advanced levels.

Three months after the Party crackdown on Falun Gong Practitioners in July 1999, the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Public Security and the Supreme People's Court joint built the Laboratory of Forensic Medicine. It should have provided evidence for criminal cases, but now it was directly involved in organ transplant matching, allowing public security and the court system to have a substantial discussion with the stakeholders of organ transplantation. The public security system could arrest and detain a large number of Falun Gong practitioners as donor supply and the court system could provide fake death certificates.

2) This hospital was the demonstration center of Central and Western China

In June 2000, the number of kidney transplant broke 1,000 cases.[324] The number of kidney transplants ranked the forefront top of nation for long time. And the institute of Organ Transplantation Research of Xi'an Jiaotong University was established in 2001 and became one of the largest transplant center with a set of medical, teaching and research functions.[325] Until December 2012, it had guided 23 hospitals of 13 cities to conduct more than 10,000 cases of kidney transplants.[326]

Figure 6.63 Snapshot of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University

The Kidney Transplant was the national key discipline, and this hospital trained 500+ technical staff from other transplant centers, where some of the staff became leaders of transplant surgery.[327]

3) The hospital had a powerful team of kidney transplant doctors

The main research direction of the Institute included kidney, liver, heart, lung, pancreas, small intestine and multiple organ transplantation. The surgeons of Kidney Transplant Center included 9 doctoral tutor, which trained 85 Ph.D. and 156 masters students.[328] It also had 5 associate professors and 5 experimental researchers.[329] They could form at least 9 kidney transplant teams.

4) According to the high bed turnover rate and the number of beds, we concluded the hospital can conduct more than 1,000 cases of liver and kidney transplants per year

The Kidney Transplantation had 48 beds.[330] The Hepatobiliary Surgery was the largest one in Northwest area with 162 beds.[331] Assuming the hospital will have 102 [48 + 162 / 3 = 102] beds, we assumed a 30-day average length of stay, a 100% bed turnover rate, and the number of liver and kidney transplants was calculated at 1,241 (102 × 365 × 100% / 30 = 1,241) cases per year. In summary, the number of liver and kidney transplant could have been more than 1,000 cases per year.

23. PLA General Hospital (301 Hospital) is a national leader in kidney transplantation and a top hospital for liver transplants which conducts more than 1,000 transplants per year

The PLA General Hospital was the largest military general hospital in scale. It was also the PLA School of Medicine[332] and one of China’s most important health care service centers.[333]

1) The hospital’s Hepatobiliary Surgical Department was the location of the Institute of Army Hepatobiliary Surgical Research

The hospital’s Hepatobiliary Surgical Department was the largest hepatobiliary surgical center in North China. There was a top-class liver transplantation center in the department. It was also the location of the Institute of Army Hepatobiliary Surgical Research and a military keynote laboratory in hepatobiliary discipline.[334]

The Liver Transplantation Center of PLA General Hospital was a top-class, multi-disciplinary liver transplantation center, established by the hospital’s Hepatobiliary Surgical Department. The center was also in charge of liver transplant and Hepatobiliary health care service for CCP leaders and provincial-, ministerial-level, and military-region-level party leaders.[335]

In March 2006, in order to improve health care service quality for CCP leaders and expedite the center’s development in liver transplantation, the PLA General Logistics Department and PLA General Hospital appointed Professor Dong Jiahong, a liver transplant expert and then the dean of Hepatobiliary Surgical Hospital at Third Military Medical University, as the center director and department dean.[336] After that, the hospital’s liver transplantation had “accomplished ‘great-leap-forward’ development.”[337]

2) The hospital became part of the Beijing Organ Transplant Matching Center, establishing a kidney transplantation network and sharing kidney sources with other transplant centers

Five hospitals, including Beijing Friendship Hospital, the PLA’s No. 301 Hospital, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, China-Japan Friendship Hospital and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, participated in the operation of the Beijing Organ Transplant Matching Center. These hospitals are respectively affiliated with MOH, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PLA and the municipality of Beijing. They had established a kidney transplant network, sharing the kidney information of exchange and transfer between themselves.[338]

The transplantation center of PLA 301 Hospital was set under the Urology Surgical Department[339], acclaimed as “leading China in kidney transplant techniques.”[340] Yu Lixin from Nanfang Hospital published an article in the “Medical Journal of Armed Police” in 2004 titled “Development of China’s clinical allogenic kidney transplantation”. According to the article, PLA 301 hospital had completed 1,180 kidney transplants as early as by June 1999 and was among hospitals that conducted the most kidney transplants across the country.[341]

3) There were many surgeons in liver and kidney transplantation, indicating the real number of organ transplants could be enormous

PLA 301 Hospital’s Urology Surgical Department had 29 surgeons and 34 nurses/technicians. There were 14 senior-professional titles, 2 doctoral-degree advisors and 3 master-degree advisors.[342] The Hepatobiliary Surgical Department was the largest hepatobiliary surgical center in North China. There was one Academy of Science member, 8 doctoral- or master-degree advisors, and 24 senior-professional title holders, 80% of whom hold doctoral degrees.[343] The hospital was capable of establishing multiple liver or kidney transplant teams.

4) Based on bed numbers and high turnover rate, it was estimated that the hospital conducts over 1,000 cases of liver and kidney transplants per year

The PLA 301 Hospital’s Urology Surgical Department had 140 beds[344] with 4 wards. And the hospital’s Hepatobiliary Surgical Department had 172 beds.[345]

Figure 6.64 Snapshot of PLA 301 Hospital Website

Assuming one third of the beds of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery and Urology Surgery departments were given to transplant patients, there would be 104 [(140+ 172) /3 = 104] beds. We assumed a 30-day average length of stay, 100% bed turnover rate, and the number of liver and kidney transplants were up to 1,265 (104× 365 × 100% / 30 = 1,265) cases per year. In summary, the PLA General Hospital should conduct over 1,000 cases of liver and kidney transplant per year.

24. The General Hospital of Jinan Military Region, the location of PLA Kidney Transplantation and Dialysis Treatment Center, Top 10 in China and top 5 among military hospitals in kidney transplant quantity, conducted more than 1,000 cases of kidney transplants per year

1)The Urology Surgery Department was the location of PLA Kidney Transplantation and Dialysis Treatment Center. This center ranked top 10 in China and top 5 among military hospitals in kidney transplant quantity

The Urology Surgery Department was approved by the PLA General Logistics Department in 2005 as the army’s Renal Transplantation and Dialysis Treatment Center, with 80 beds.[346] The number of kidney transplant ranked top 10 among Chinese, and top 5 among PLA hospitals.[347]

2) The Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Transplantation Department accomplished “supernormal great-leap-forward” development

On Aug. 2003, the Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Transplantation Department became an individual department. Since then, the department had conducted various types of liver transplantation and liver-kidney joint transplantation, accomplishing “supernormal great-leap-forward development”.[348] The Hepatobiliary Surgical Department set up a “One Big and One Small” development strategy, and focused on developing liver transplantation and Minimally Invasive Surgical Technology.[349]

3) The hospital had many surgeons in liver and kidney transplantation field

At present, there are 32 staff members in the Urology Surgery Department, including 13 doctors, 4 technicians and 15 nurses. There were 4 doctoral-degree holders and 4 master-degree holders, also it had 5 chief physicians, 4 associate chief physicians and 1 chief nurse.[350]

According to a report published by Qilu Evening News on Mar. 21 2005, the department head Li Xiangtie leads a urology surgical team with strong expertise and technical skills. The department was capable of conducting 6 cases of kidney transplants simultaneously, and had made a national record of performing 16 cases of kidney transplants consecutively in 24 hours.[351] They could be configured in at least 6 teams for kidney transplants.

Figure 6.65 Snapshot of DaZhong Website

In Oct. 2002, an article published in Journal of Nursing Research, claimed that the General Hospital of Jinan Military Region had conducted 7 cases of organ transplants in one day and 32 cases of transplants in one week.[352] Regarding 32 cases of kidney transplant per week, we estimate this hospital could conduct 1,664 cases of kidney transplants per year.

4) The hospital has sufficient organ donor sources

The Ophthalmology Department (Ophthalmic Center of Jinan Military Region) had a division of corneal transplantation center (including the first eye bank of Shandong province). [353] Jiang Hua, the center’s physician, was reported to consecutively conduct corneal transplants for the whole week between May 1 and May 7 in 2001 (the Golden Week), taking corneas from other cities in the day and conducting surgery at night.[354] This report also mentioned that Jiang spent most holiday like this for many years. Picking up corneas from other cities “in holidays” and immediately conducting transplants surgery, which mean that those corneas were fresh, instead of being taken from eye bank. If “most domestic eye banks are currently out of stock[355],” how can there be so many donors “in holidays”? From the indication that the doctor had to visit other cities to get corneas, we can only conclude this was a planned procedure. One possibility was that one bureau of the Chinese Communist Party had systematically distributed live organ resources to related hospitals, which were required to pick up those organs in holidays.

25. Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University; the heavy work load of the transplantation surgeons showed the number of liver and kidney transplants can reach up to 1,000 cases per year

Xiangya Second Hospital was one of affiliated hospitals of Central South University with complete qualifications for organ transplantations including liver, kidney, heart and lung transplantations.[356]

1) The hospital had a nation-level liver transplantation center and the quantity of kidney transplant was highly competitive

The Organ Transplantation Center of Xiangya Second Hospital was founded in September 2001. The organ transplantation department of general surgery was founded in July 2005. After the assessment of Ministry of Health, it became a nation-level liver transplantation center in 2007. The center conducted liver transplantation, pediatric liver transplantation, reduced-size liver transplantation, liver-kidney joint transplantation, pancreas-kidney joint transplantation, liver-pancreas joint transplantation and living donor liver transplantation for children. The level of Liver transplantation and combined liver transplantation was the leader in Hunan province.[357] In recent years, the kidney transplant quantity of the hospital had severally created new records.[358]

2) Large single-day transplantation numbers

The Organ Transplantation Center of Xiangya Second Hospital claims to have developed into as a significant player in the transplant industry; "The organ donor network has gradually expanded to the whole country and the hospital has set up organ resource sharing relationship with more than 10 transplantation centers in the country."[359] The hospital claimed that the surgeon teams, led by Peng Longkai, usually work from night to morning without sleep to carry out surgeries.[360] "As transplantation surgeons, when they conduct surgeries, they often continuously work over 20 hours. And after resting 3-4 hours they need to conduct the next surgery. The scrub nurses have changed several shifts, but the surgeons still work on surgeries, and it's very common for them to complete more than 10 surgeries after 2-3 days like this. They used to complete 9 cases of kidney transplantation surgeries within one day."[361] If we calculate the transplant quantity based on 30 surgeries per week, it reaches 1,560 cases of kidney transplantation a year.

Figure 6.66 Snapshot of Hunan online

3) Skilled liver and kidney transplantation surgeons

Since 2002, the hospital’s kidney transplant quantity dramatically increased. Peng Longkai, deputy director of Organ Transplantation Center of Xiangya Second Hospital and director of Organ Transplantation Department of Urological, began to take charge of the work in the field of kidney transplantation in 2002. Only 6 months later, the kidney transplant quantity had exceeded the total amount of past years.[362] Peng Longkai conducted more than 2,000 cases of kidney transplantation surgeries by himself.[363]

Figure 6.67 Snapshot of Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University

In the Organ Transplantation Department of General Surgery, there were 19 medical staffs, including 3 professors, 1 associate professor, 1 doctoral tutor and 2 master instructors. The organ transplantation ward of general surgery and transplantation ICU is divided into a liver transplant group, combined organs transplant group, transplantation ICU group and artificial liver support system.[364] The staff can form several liver and kidney transplant teams, which can carry out several liver and kidney transplantation surgeries simultaneously.

4) The period of waiting for a tissue-matched donor organ was advertised as several days with guaranteed living donor organs

On March 19, 2015, a nurse-on-duty from liver transplantation department of Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University answered a WOIPFG phone investigator. The nurse said that the period of waiting for a donor for liver transplantation is "just a few days, two weeks at most!". WOIPFG: Are they all living donor organs? She replied "Absolutely!" (download the recording: MP3 for script, 附件6)

We conclude the number of liver and kidney transplantation in Xiangya Second Hospital of Central South University can exceed 1,000 cases per year.

26. Xijing Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University, ranks in the top five of China’s liver and kidney transplants; can perform up to 1,000 cases per year.

Xijing Hospital of Fourth Military Medical University made over 20 outstanding achievements, receiving “the First”, “the Pioneer”, “the Unique”, and “the Most” prizes domestically and internationally.[365] And the hospital obtained the licenses issued by MOH to perform Heart, Liver, Lung, and Kidney Transplants.[366]

1) The Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery of Xijing Hospital has a Military Organ Transplant Center

In 2005, Xijing Hospital founded the Military Organ Transplant Center, and developed expertise in liver and multiple organ transplantation,[367] the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery conducting almost all types of liver transplants. In 1999, the first small bowel transplantation was performed here. They completed a pancreas-kidney joint transplantation (SPK) in 2003, a liver-kidney-pancreas joint transplantation in 2005, and the first national face transplant operation in 2006. Finally, in 2008, the first Asian case of heart-liver-kidney joint transplantation was carried out here.[368]

The Urology department of Xijing Hospital represented the largest and the most complete range of the Urology Discipline in the Northwest Area including a kidney transplant ward and kidney transplantation tissue typing laboratory.[369]

2) Record for single-day cardiac transplants

Wang Hongbing, deputy director of cardiovascular surgery, set a record by performing 3 cases of cardiac transplant in one day.[370] Cai Zhenjie, the former chief of Cardiovascular Surgery Institute in the Fourth Military Medical University and now the chief of Cardiology Institute of the General Hospital of Armed Police Forces, also completed 3 cases of heart transplant on a single day in Sep. 2003.[371]

3) The number of liver and kidney transplants would be over 1,000 per year, based on the number of beds

There were 80 beds in the Urology Department of Xijing Hospital.[372] And there are three wards in the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery with 150 beds. The Transplant Center was the international advanced laminar flow ward.[373] Assuming that half of the beds from the Urology Surgery and the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery are used for organ transplant patients, there will be 115 beds [(80+150)/2=115]. Assuming a 30-day average length of stay, 100% bed turnover rate, and the number of liver and kidney transplants were up to 1,399 (115× 365 × 100% / 30 = 1,399) cases per year.

4) Large team and consistently large daily number of transplants

In 2014, WOIPFG released a list of surgeons who took part in organ transplants.[374] There were 36 physicians in the kidney transplantation department, including 6 chief physicians, 8 deputy chief physicians and 2 primary surgeons, and 20 other staff members. There were also 7 Professors, and 5 Associate Professors in the Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreas Surgery. All the doctors hold Doctorate Degrees.[375] With 30 additional staff, they can form at least 10 teams of liver and kidney transplants. In summary, the number of liver and kidney transplants conducted in Xijing Hosptial should exceed 1,000 cases per year.

27. General Hospital of Armed Police Force is the largest liver transplant center in Beijing and performs more than 1,000 cases of liver transplant surgery performed per year

The General Hospital of the Armed Police Force was a large, integrated, Third Grade First Class hospital. It incorporated medical care, healthcare, education, research, and emergency responses with 1,380 beds. And there were 13 MD Advisors, and 100 MM Advisors. It also had Postdoctoral Research, Undergraduate Education and Research, and Continued Education training facilities on its premises.[376]

1) Since inception and in a 2-year period, the Liver Transplant Center of this hospital set the record for performing the most transplants among military hospitals and national hospitals

The Liver Transplant Center of General Hospital of Armed Police Force was founded in May 2003. During 2 years, it set many records in the national and military hospitals, including the most transplants, highest success rate, and maximum and minimum age of patients.[377]

The General Hospital of Armed Police Force also established the Chinese Liver Transplant Training Center (funded by American Chinese Medical Foundation), and trained 55 doctoral and master students, 385 continued education students, and over 1,000 liver transplant related personnel from abroad and overseas. The center also established the largest post-transplant follow-up center in China, and a professional case history data base on liver transplant.[378] The Organ Transplant Research Center at General Hospital of Armed Police Force was also the largest liver transplant center in Beijing.[379]

2) The hospital was capable of simultaneous transplants

On April 6th, 2005, the Organ Transplant Center at the General Hospital of Armed Police Force claims to have performed 5 liver transplants simultaneously.[380]

3) Skilled surgeons, high production

In Jan. 2015, an article reported by Tonight Media Group “under the guidance of Shen Zhongyang, the new surgeons could conduct nearly 1,000 cases of liver transplant independently.”[381]

According to the surgeons list released by WOIPFG in 2014, some surgeons from the General Hospital of Armed Police Force joined the transplantation department.[382] There were 40 physicians in the liver transplantation department, including 5 chief physicians, 11 deputy chief physicians and 4 primary surgeons, and 20 staff members. There were 17 physicians in the kidney transplant department, including 5 Chief Physicians, 6 Deputy Chief Physicians, 2 Physicians, and 4 staff members. Together, they could comprise over 10 teams for liver and kidney transplants. Zang Yunjin, who joined the Liver Transplant Research Institute in 2005, became the Deputy Director, Chief Physician, and Professor of the institute in April of the same year. Since 2005, he had performed 1,570 cases of liver transplant and 22 cases of liver-kidney joint transplant operations by June of 2014[383] - about 160 cases of transplant operations per year.

Xu Guangxun, Deputy Chief Physician at the Organ Transplant Research Institute, conducted about 100 cases of liver transplant per year. He specialized in live liver transplant of infants, live liver transplant on adults, dual-supplier live liver transplant, in-situ auxiliary living donor liver transplant, and cutting-edge technology on split liver transplant.[384]

Chen Xinguo, Deputy Surgery Director of Oran Transplant Research Institute, specialized in clinical liver transplant. In almost 6 years, he performed over 800 cases of liver transplant, including 30 cases of relative-based liver transplant. He was skillful in mastering the technique of donor cut, liver transplant, and treatment of complicated situations. And he has performed 300 cases of donor cut and more than 300 cases of liver transplant independently.[385]

Li Wei, Deputy Chief Physician at the Organ Transplant Research Institute, joined after his Post-Doc in Sep. 2002. He took part in over 1,000 cases of liver transplant surgery, and completed the entire procedure of liver transplant, including the donor's cut and trim, removal of diseased liver, vascular and biliary reconstruction and rehabilitation. Currently, he has completed almost 100 cases of liver transplant independently.[386]

If each team conducted 100 cases of liver and kidney transplant per year, the whole hospital could have reached more than 1,000 cases of liver and kidney transplant per year.

4) The Organ Transplant Research Institute claimed that the organ donor sources were sufficient

The Organ Transplant Research Institute established a kidney transplant expert team, led by Shen Zhongyang. Operating with sufficient organ donor sources the team was able to successfully transplant over 1,000 kidneys.[387]

Figure 6.68 Snapshot of General Hospital of Armed Police Force Website

5) In 2005, the hospital had diagnosed over 30,000 organ recipients who accepted liver transplantation, kidney transplantation, liver and kidney joint transplantation, pancreas kidney joint transplantation and lung transplantation

According to one news released by Chinese Organ Transplant Website on Aug. 2005, since 2003, Niu Yujian specialized in organ transplantation[388], and he diagnosed organ recipients over 30,000 cases including liver transplantation, kidney transplantation, liver and kidney joint transplantation, pancreas kidney joint transplantation and lung transplantation.[389]

Figure 6.69 Snapshot of Chinese Organ Transplant Website

In summary, General Hospital of Armed Police Force should have reached more than 1,000 cases of liver and kidney transplant per year.

28. Zhengzhou People’s Hospital; 13 cases of Kidney Transplants Performed in 21 Hours; over 20 Emergency Liver Transplants in One Year.

Zhengzhou People's Hospital was the Affiliated Hospital of Southern Medical University, the designated hospital for medical treatment for foreign guests in Zhengzhou City, and post-doctoral research and development base in Henan Province. In Henan Province, it was the only qualified hospital approved by the MOH to conduct heart, liver, kidney, small intestine, pancreas transplantations. The technology of liver transplantation, kidney transplantation, combined liver and kidney transplantation, combined pancreas and kidney transplantation reached the advanced domestic level. [390]

1) The hospital claimed that the number of kidney transplants ranked 2nd in China for three consecutive years

The kidney transplant department of the hospital was established in June 2002. It had three separate wards: a kidney disease ward, an organ transplantation ward, a blood purification ward and a crucial department of Henan Province, the Zhengzhou kidney transplant key Laboratory. It claims to have ranked 2nd on kidney transplantation in China from 2006 to 2008.[391]

2) Single day quantity of transplants was high, and surgeons were busy

On Dec. 27, 2007, a team led by Qu Qingshan, the director of the nephrology and organ transplant center, completed 13 kidney transplant surgeries within 21 hours.[392] According to an article on "Chinese Etiquette Training Network" issued April, 2010, "Around the Chinese New Year, Doctor Xing Li had been working very hard for consecutive days. He had to do the operation from 2 or 3 AM until next morning. His right eye suffered from conjunctivitis. Since he had to do operations every night, he had to ask his assistants to help cleaning.”[393]

Figure 6.70 Snapshot of Chinese Etiquette Training Network

3) The hepatobiliary department performed more than 20 emergent liver transplants per year

The hepatobiliary department did the first intestinal transplant in Henan province and it actively researched abdominal organ cluster transplantation. In one year, it performed emergent liver transplantations, curing more than 20 patients with acute liver failure.[394]

4) Depending on the number of beds in the hospital, the hospital would perform more than 1,000 cases of kidney transplants per year

The kidney transplant department had 90 beds.[395] The Hepatobiliary department of the hospital was the advanced discipline of Henan province and key development lab of the hospital with 52 beds.[396] Speculating that half of hepatobiliary surgery beds were dedicated to transplant patients, there would have been 116 (90 + 52/2 = 116) beds. We assumed a 30-day average length of stay, 100% bed turnover rate, the number of liver and kidney transplants were up to 1,411 (115 × 365 × 100% / 30 = 1,411) cases per year.

5) Experienced surgical teams

The kidney transplant department had 16 surgeons and 60 nurses.[397] The liver surgery department had more than 40 staff members, including 5 with senior titles, 18 with Ph.D. or Master's degrees.[398] They could form multiple liver and kidney transplantation teams.

Zhengzhou People’s Hospital’s official website showed that Chen Guoyong, vice president and liver transplant surgery director, had completed more than 500 cases of major organs harvesting, 500 cases of kidney transplants,[399] 300 liver transplants and tens of simultaneous liver, kidney and pancreas joint transplants.[400] Chen Guoyong once went to Japan and Korea as a visiting scholar, studied simultaneous multi-organ transplant and live liver transplant in Tianjin No. 1 Central Hospital and Shanghai Changzheng Hospital. He was also appointed as the deputy director of organ transplant center of PLA 309 Hospital.[401]

Qu Qingshan, the director of the nephrology and organ transplant center, had conducted more than 1,000 cases of allogeneic kidney transplant surgeon, and performed the first case of liver and kidney joint transplantation.[402]

6) The waiting time for a donor was 2 to 3 days. According to the hospital, "We have plenty of donors and you can pick up the organ from young and healthy"

On June 26, 2015, Chen Yongfeng from Transplantation department of Zhengzhou People's Hospital said during WOIPFG's investigation, "Our hospital is the best in conducting liver transplantation in Henan province. Today we have done several transplants including two liver transplants. The organs are from our local areas. The qualities of the organs are very good. If you want to do it, we can help choose a good and young liver. We have plenty of organs and currently we can still select young and good ones, but it is hard to say in the future. （Link to download this recording：MP3 document See：Annex1）

On June 25, 2015, the doctor on duty from the Hepatobiliary department of Zhengzhou People's Hospital said during WOIPFG's investigation, "The time of waiting for an organ is as fast as 2 to 3 days; the slowest would be about 10 days. The cost is about 500 thousand RMB. We have plenty of organs. The waiting time at our hospital is faster than other hospitals." When asked why the waiting time was shorter than other hospitals and where the organs came from, he replied, "This… Well… no comment, no comment. Don't ask these questions. You can directly come to our hospital. Usually we have one to two cases of transplants every day." (Link to download this recording: MP3 document See: Annex 2)

In summary, the number of liver and kidney transplants can exceed 1,000 cases per year.

29. Shanghai First People's Hospital and Shanghai Organ Transplant Clinical Center, over 1,000 cases of liver and kidney transplants per year

On May 23, 2007, Shanghai First People's Hospital was authorized by Ministry of Health to conduct liver and kidney transplantation[403].

1) The largest number of transplants in Shanghai

Shanghai Organ Transplant Clinical Center, affiliated with Shanghai First People's Hospital, was established in August 2001. It was set up on the basis of Shanghai Organ Transplant Research Center and Shanghai Tissue Type Matching Center, with kidney transplantation as its main business. The first allogeneic kidney transplant was performed in 1976. The hospital claims that it has conducted 12 major types of organ transplants so far, including substantive big organ transplants like kidney, heart, liver, liver-kidney, pancreas-kidney, and kidney-islet cell transplants, as well as corneal, allogeneic finger, fetal islet cell, bone marrow, peripheral blood stem cell and cord blood stem cell transplants[404]. It was one of the hospitals that does the most variety and largest number of transplants in Shanghai[405]. The Institute of Organ Transplant Research of Shanghai Jiaotong University was also located in this hospital[406]. Since 2001, Shanghai First People's Hospital has constantly ranked the third in annual liver transplant volume nationwide[407].

2) Eight alternate kidneys used for one transplant patient at this hospital

Tan Jianming was the director of Shanghai Organ Transplant Research Center[408]. In 2003, he once performed kidney transplant for a patient at Shanghai First People’s Hospital. During the first two weeks, four kidneys were brought for blood matching and other tests. None of them proved compatible because of patient’s antibody reaction. About two months later, the patient returned to the hospital. The physicians took another four kidneys do the similar tests. The eighth kidney proved compatible with patient, and Tan told the recipient that the eighth kidney came from an executed prisoner[409].

3) Shanghai Organ Transplant Clinical Center carries out emergency liver transplant with ample donors

The first emergency liver transplant in Shanghai was conducted at Shanghai Organ Transplant Clinical Center in 2002. In 2004, the first blood emergency liver transplant surgery for acute liver failure of China was successfully completed here. Since then a total of ten similar surgeries were performed, and four of which were conducted the consecutive second transplant with blood incompatible after first transplant[410].

4) This hospital had many liver and kidney transplant doctors, suggesting a high transplant volume

According to the surgeons list released by WOIPFG in 2014[411], there were 31 physicians in kidney transplantation department, including 9 chief physicians, 5 deputy chief physicians and 17 other staff members. They can make up over 9 kidney transplant teams. And there were also 26 physicians in the liver transplantation department, including 6 chief physicians, 5 deputy chief physicians and 10 other staff members. They can compose over 6 liver transplant teams.

5) This hospital can perform over 1,000 cases of liver and renal transplants yearly based on the number of beds

The Department of Urology had three ward areas with 126 beds (38 beds in the south section and 88 beds in the two north sections). It also had about 20 non-fixed beds in ICU (Intensive Care Unit), Day Ward, and International Medical Center’s special ward areas. The department belonged to National Clinical Drug Testing Base[412]. Kidney transplantation was the core operation of the Organ Transplant Clinical Center[413].

The Department of General Surgery was the location of Shanghai Organ Transplant Center, and Shanghai Liver Transplant Quality Control Center. In recent years, Peng Zhihai led medical teams to conduct complex hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, and to set up a model surgery procedure for treating liver cancer including downstaging, liver resection, liver transplantation, and salvage liver transplantation. Currently the department has North and South Divisions with 5 surgery wards, and 243 beds, including sections in Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Gastrointestinal Surgery, and Breast and Thyroid Surgery[414]. Assuming one third beds in the Urology and General Surgery departments are dedicated to transplant patients, there are 129 [(126+20+243)/3=129] beds. We assumed a 30-day average length of stay, 100% bed turnover rate, and the number of liver and kidney transplants were up to 1,569 (129 × 365 × 100% / 30 = 1,569) cases per year.

6) A doctor of this hospital confirmed that their direct source of organs was Falun Gong practitioners, and that they have live organs available everyday

A physician from the Liver Transplant Center, Shanghai First People’s Hospital, affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University, was investigated by WOIPFG.

Q: I just want to know how long we have to wait?

A: We have supplies every day. For example, we are performing transplant surgery today.

Q: Well, I mean not just a fresh one. We need one from live person…

A: Sure, the organs we use are all from live persons. The donors are all alive.

Q: I heard some come from those who practice qigong. They are very healthy.

A: We have that type[415].

30. Xinqiao Hospital of the PLA’s Third Medical University, the Nephrology Center once performed 24 kidney transplant surgeries in one day. The amount of liver and kidney transplants reached 1,000 cases per year

Xinqiao Hospita was the second affiliated hospital of the PLA Third Medical University, and was a third level first class hospital, and was also among the first of “Designated Hospitals for Foreigners” in Chongqing City with 2,860 beds.[416]

1) The hospital was the military nephropathy center; its advanced forms of kidney transplantation ranked near the top in China

Xinqiao Hospital of the Third Military Medical University had two Urology Divisions. Since 2000, it had been approved as the military nephropathy center by the Department of the Ministry of Health of General Logistics.[417] The First Division of Urology was one of the military key disciplines, and the doctorate- granting discipline approved by State Council.[418] The Second Division of Urology was the Research Institute of Nephrology in Chongqing, one of the specialized disciplines of a national clinical drug trial institution.[419] The hospital claimed that it had accumulated rich experience in the field of organ transplantation with unique clinical research in the field of renal transplantation.[420] The kidney transplant quantity ranked among the highest level in China.[421]

2) Over twenty kidney transplants in one day

The document of the hospital, "Brief History of Military Nephrology and Urology Specialties" described on page 157, "The hospital once performed 24 cases of kidney transplant surgeries within a day." [422]

Figure 6.71 Snapshot of "Brief History of the Military Nephrology Center Urology Surgery", page 157

3) Given the number of beds in the hospital, the number of liver and kidney transplant should exceed 1,000 cases per year

The first Division of Urology of Xinqiao Hospital had 120 beds.[423] The secondary Division of Urology also had similar number of beds.[424] The Hepatobiliary Surgery Division was divided into Miniature Wound Surgery Center and Hepatobiliary Area, with 60 beds.[425] Assuming half of the beds in the kidney transplant and hepatopancreatobiliary surgery departments were dedicated to transplant patients, there could be 150 [(120 + 120 + 60) / 2 = 150] beds. We assumed a 30-day length of stay, 100% bed turnover rate, and the number of liver and kidney transplants were up to 1,825 (150 × 365 × 100% / 30 = 1,825) cases per year.

4) Large team of doctors for liver/kidney transplants

In 2014, WOIPFG released a list of surgeons who took part in organ transplants[426]and there were 33 physicians in liver and kidney transplantation department, including 5 chief physicians, 7 deputy chief physicians and 6 primary surgeons, 15 other staff members. Together they can form several transplant teams.

Zhang Genfu was chief physician and professor at the Secondary Department of Urology, the Standing Committee member of Military Transplantation Society and vice chairman of Chongqing Municipal Organ Transplantation Association. By Sep. 30, 2008, he had performed more than 3,300 cases of kidney transplantation, and had taken part in liver, testis, adrenal gland transplant and duodenum, pancreas and kidney joint transplant.[427]

5) The hospital made efforts to promote kidney transplantation technology to other medical institutes

In a "Brief History of Military Nephrology and Urology Specialties" Xinqiao Hospital’s outreach activities are described: "Many domestic medical institutes such as General Hospital of Kunming Military Region, Bethune International Peace Hospital, No. 181 Hospital of Guilin, General Hospital of Shenzhen Armed Police, Chengdu Air Force Hospital, former Chongqing Air Force hospital, Zhengzhou Air Force hospital, the General hospital of Tibet Military Region, General hospital of Xinjiang Military Region, General hospital of Jinan Military, Nanchong regional hospital, PLA161 Hospital of Wuhan, PLA 44 hospital of Guizhou, have sent out medical staff to the center to learn the organ transplantation technology. Meanwhile, the center also sent specialists to Guangzhou Southern hospital, Zhengzhou Air Force hospital, No. 44 hospital of Guiyang, Chengdu Air Force hospital, Daping hospital and other units to launch organ transplants.”[428]

In summary, amount of liver and kidney transplants at the hospital can be up to 1,000 cases per year.

31. Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing Organ Transplant Center; number of Liver and Kidney Transplants, up to 1,000 cases per year

1)Beijing Organ Transplant Center’s Liver Transplant division was under Beijing Chaoyang Hospital’s Hepatobiliary Surgery Division

Beijing Organ Transplant Center was the only organ transplant center capable of simultaneously performing liver, heart, kidney, lung, small intestine, pancreas and other major organ transplants licensed by MOH. Beijing Organ Transplant Center’s liver transplant division was set under the hospital’s hepatobiliary surgery division.[429]

2) Beijing Chaoyang Hospital aligned with Beijing Organ Transplant Matching Center to establish a kidney transplantation network and share kidneys sources with other transplant centers. And Chaoyang’s kidney transplant numbers ranked first in China for three consecutive years

Five hospitals, including Beijing Friendship Hospital, the PLA’s No. 301 Hospital, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Sino-Japan Friendship Hospital and Peking Union Medical College Hospital, participated in the operation of Beijing Organ Transplant Matching Center. These hospitals were respectively affiliated with MOH, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PLA and the municipality of Beijing.[430] Beijing Chaoyang Hospital stated that from 1998 to 2000, the number of kidney transplants ranked first in China for three consecutive years.[431]

3) Hospital with an early lead

According to the surgeons list released by WOIPFG in 2014[432], there were 32 physicians in kidney transplantation department, including 6 chief physicians, 9 deputy chief physicians and 17 surgeons. And there were 27 physicians in liver transplantation department, including 3 chief physicians, 7 deputy chief physicians, 5 primary surgeons and 12 surgeons. Together they could form more than 10 liver and kidney transplant teams.

Zhang Xiaodong was deputy director of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital’s urology department and chief physician. As the leader of the disciplines of urology and organ transplant, he lead a medical team with strong academic background. In recent years, the team performed more than 3,000 cases of kidney transplants.[433]

Wang Wei was deputy chief physician of Beijing Chaoyang Hospital’s urology department and deputy professor. He has independently carried out around 500 cases of renal transplantation and participated in nearly 1,000 kidney transplant surgeries and postoperative patient management.[434]

Guan Delin was vice-president of the First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University and deputy director of Beijing Organ Transplant Center. According to People’s Daily (January 26, 1999, A5), Guan Delin began to participate in kidney transplant surgeries in the 1970s. After many years of experiments, he had explored a method of organ matching, nephrectomy, kidney repair and transplant surgeries without postoperative rejections, successfully performing more than 1,000 cases of kidney transplants by himself.[435] Beijing Business Today reported that on Sep. 7, 2005, Guan Delin had performed “more than 2,700 cases of kidney transplantation, more than 40 cases of living related kidney transplant, nearly 20 cases of SPK (Simultaneous Pancreas-Kidney Transplantation).[436]” Guan Delin used to serve as director of the urology department at Beijing Chaoyang Red Cross Hospital which was the affiliated hospital of the Capital Medical University.[437]

Figure 6.72 Snapshot of Beijing Business Today Website

From 1999 to 2005, Guan Delin performed more than 1,700 cases of kidney transplants. Therefore, Guan Delin’s average number of kidney transplant surgery per year was 258 cases / year (1,700 cases divided by 6.58 years, equal 258 cases per year). But as he said he performed only over 100 cases of kidney transplant surgeries in 1998, so what's the cause of the large increase in Guan’s workload?[438] Since Guan Delin alone could perform 258 cases of kidney transplants per year and there were so many surgeons in this hospital, we theorize that the number of kidney transplants could reach 1,000 per year.

32. Beijing Friendship Hospital; Asia's largest kidney transplant center; the number of liver and kidney transplant were up to 1,000 cases per year

1) The hospital claimed to be Asia's largest kidney transplant center

The hospital claimed to be the largest kidney transplant center in Asia[439], Yu Lixin, the responsible person said in an article, "Advances of clinical isotype kidney transplants in China" (Armed medicine in 2004) that as early as in Oct. 2000, the hospital had completed 2,300 kidney transplant cases.[440]

Figure 6.73 Overview of some of transplant centers with over 1,000 cases of kidney transplant

PLA 309 hospital updated the introduction of organ transplant center on Nov. 17, 2010, saying "ranked No. 1 in China in recent 3 years."[441] As calculated above, kidney transplants in the PLA 309 hospital was up to 4,000 cases per year.

2) This hospital was rich in donor sources

In 1997, it was assigned by the Beijing Municipal Health Bureau as Beijing organ transplant matching center, and established the Sino-US Terasaki matching center in 1998. It first completed 1,000 cases, 2,000 cases, and then 3,000 cases of organ transplant in China.[442] Beijing matching center of organ transplant had a trial run for a year from July 1997 to June 1998, and was officially established on June 23, 1998.

This center was operated with five hospitals, including Beijing Friendship Hospital, PLA 301 Hospital, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Sino-Japanese Friendship Hospital and Beijing Union Medical College Hospital. These hospitals are respectively affiliated with MOH, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, PLA and the municipality of Beijing. This center included a leading group of the matching organ transplant center, a committee of experts, the central office, central laboratory, databases, technical collaboration and hospitals.

This center was located in Kidney Transplantation Laboratory of Beijing Friendship Hospital and it had developed an intelligent computer program for kidney transplant tissue matching from 1994 to 1997, which shared the kidney information of exchange and transfer between hospitals.[443]

3) The hospital had early experience and was well-connected

According to the surgeons list released by WOIPFG in 2014, there were 36 physicians in kidney transplantation department, including 7 chief physicians, 10 deputy chief physicians and 19 surgeons. And there also were 16 physicians in liver transplantation department, including 6 chief physicians, 2 deputy chief physicians and 5 primary surgeons. They can form more than 10 kidney and liver transplant teams.

4) According to the number of beds in the hospital, it was calculated that the number of kidney transplant were over 1,000 cases per year

The Urology division of this hospital had 85 beds.[444] General Surgery division had over 150 beds. The hospital hosted one of the most innovative and dynamic liver transplant centers in China with the capability to conduct liver transplants, living donor liver transplants, split liver transplants, auxiliary liver transplants, domino liver transplants, single-segment liver transplants, and so on.[445] Assuming half of the beds in Hepatobiliary Surgery and Urology were given for transplant patients, there will be 117 [(85 + 150) / 2 = 117] beds for kidney transplants. We assumed a 30-day average length of stay, 100% bed turnover rate, and the number of liver and kidney transplants were up to 1,423 (117 × 365 × 100% / 30 = 1,423) per year.

33. The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Large Scale Hospital with 7,000 beds; more than 1,000 transplants per year.

The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhenzhou University was the largest hospital in China, with 7,000 beds. One anonymous industry insider revealed to a reporter from China Economic Weekly that the hospital’s outpatients would reach more than 21,600 per day at peak time. In 2014, the hospital had 4.26 million annual inpatient and 310 thousand outpatient admissions, and 196 thousand surgeries, which ranked first place in China. The annual revenue increased rapidly from 680 million RMB in 2008 to 6 billion RMB in 2013 and 7.5 billion RMB in 2014. The total revenue ranks first among medical industry in Henan Province, far ahead of the second place, Henan Province People’s Hospital (with revenue of 4.58 billion RMB). [446] The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhenzhou University was the first round hospital of kidney and liver transplant licensed by MOH.[447]

1) The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University’s kidney transplant number ranks first for many consecutive years in Henan province, and its liver and kidney transplant numbers rank fifth in China

The hospital started performing kidney transplants in 1978, and it had been playing a leading role both in China and Henan Province. The number of kidney transplant ranked first for many consecutive years in Henan Province, and composite score of CSRKT (Chinese Scientific Registry of Kidney Transplantation) ranks third,[448] and the number of liver and kidney transplant rank fifth in China.[449]

2) Medium single-day transplantation numbers

Dahe Healthy Newspaper reported on March 27, 2014: the hospital completed 4 liver transplants successfully for 2 patients with liver cirrhosis and 2 with liver cancer.[450]

3) Based on the Number of Beds, the Hospital performed over 1,000 transplants per year

The kidney transplant department of this hospital has 47 regular beds and 10 intensive-care beds.[451] The hospital’s hepatopancreatobiliary surgery department and liver transplant surgery department had more than 100 beds.[452]

Assuming half of the beds in the kidney transplant and hepatopancreatobiliary surgery departments were given for transplant patients, there will have 107 [(57 + 100) / 2 = 107] beds. We assumed a 30-day average length of stay, 100% bed turnover rate, and the number of liver and kidney transplants were up to 1,301 (107 × 365 × 100% / 30 = 1,301) cases per year.

4) The hospital had a large team of kidney transplant doctors

There were 40 physicians in kidney transplantation department, including 7 chief physicians, 2 professors and 2 deputy professors and 2 master advisors, 1 member of Chinese Medical Association of Organ Transplant Professional Committee and the Henan Province Association of Organ Transplant Committee.[453].

5) The wait time for a donor was within a week

On March 19, 2015, Li Gongquan at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University said, “It could be done within a week. If you are willing, you can do organ matching with him…We did one like this today, and we have just finished it. Tomorrow there may be another case…Some (organs) could be sent here overnight, and we would perform (the surgeries) overnight. That is very common here.”[454] In summary: the number of liver and kidney transplant of the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University could exceed 1,000 cases per year.

34. The First Hospital of Jilin University; kidney transplant ranked in the top three in China, and the number of liver and kidney transplant reached more than 1,000 cases per year

The First Hospital of Jilin University was founded in 1949. It once was the First Military Medical University, and renamed the First Hospital of Jilin University after combining with Bethune Medical University in 2000. It is the first hospital of Grade Three Class A in Jilin province.[455]

1) The amount of Kidney Transplantation has ranked in the top three in China

Fu Yaowen set up the kidney transplant and blood purification center. The quantity and quality of Organ Transplants were ranked the top 10 among 300 kidney transplant centers of China, and the number of kidney transplants was ranked in the top three.[456]

2) Depending on the number of beds, this hospital is believed to have conducted more than 1,000 cases of liver and kidney transplant per year

Assuming all the beds in the kidney transplant and one third beds in hepatobiliary and pancreatobiliary departments were given for transplant patients, there will be 109 [(47+24+79+90+88)/3=109] beds. We assumed a 30-day average length of stay, 100% bed turnover rate, and the number of liver and kidney transplants were up to 1,326 (109 × 365 × 100% / 30 = 1,326) cases per year.

3) The hospital has a strong kidney transplant team

The Urology of First Hospital of Jilin University has two divisions. In the First division, most of doctors had Master degree of Medicine. And there were 6 Doctor degrees (including 3 Postdoctoral), and 3 Ph.D. candidates.[457]

The Second Division of Urology had 23 surgeons, 39 nurses and 3 technical persons. Hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery were divided into two independent medical divisions. The first division had 20 doctors, including 3 Professors, 3 deputy Professors.[458] The Second division had 12 doctors.[459] Until Apr. 2009, only Fu Yaowen himself conducted nearly 3,000 cases of allograft kidney transplantation.

Figure 6.74 Snapshot of Jilin Fame Web

In summary, the number of kidney transplants at the First Hospital of Jilin University should be up to 1,000 cases per Year.

35. Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital; three departments for transplant with 464 beds, the number of transplants exceed 1,000 cases per year

On May 23, 2007, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital was designated to carry out kidney and liver transplantations by MOH.[460]. On Aug. 1, 2008, it was also designated to carry out kidney, liver, pancreas, and small intestines.[461]

1) The dean of this hospital was also the director of transplant center

In 1995, the hospital started the “piggyback” style liver transplantations, which was advanced internationally. In 2001, it was the first hospital in Jiangsu Province to carry out joint liver and kidney transplantations. Ding Yitao, the technical leader in the General Surgery Department of the hospital, was also director of the Organs Transplantation Center, member of the Standing Committee of the Chinese Organ Transplantation Association, and honorary member of the Directors Committee of the Jiangsu Province Organ Transplantation Association.[462] He received training from the PLA Liver Surgery Institute and Australia National Liver Transplantation Center. From May 1996 to Aug. 2014, he served as the dean of the Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, affiliated with the Nanjing University Medical School.

2) The annual number of liver and kidney transplantations was estimated to be over 1,000 based on the number of beds and turnaround rate

The Urology Department, General Surgery Department, and Hepatobiliary Surgery Department all provide organ transplantation services. Among them, the Urology Department was a key discipline of the “135 Project” in Jiangsu Province, key clinical discipline of Jiangsu Province, key medical discipline of Nanjing City. It had 120 beds, and was designated by the MOH to carry out organ transplantations.[463] The General Surgery Department had a Organs Transplantation Center with 164 beds.[464] The Hepatobiliary Surgery Department contained a Transplantation Division, Liver Division, and Gallbladder, Pancreas Surgery Divisions and Nanjing University Hepatobiliary Research Institute with 180 beds.[465]Assuming one third of the beds in Urology, General Surgery, and Hepatobiliary Surgery Department were used for transplant patients, there will be 154 [(120+164+180)/3=154] beds. We assumed a 30-day average length of stay, 100% bed turnover rate, and the number of liver and kidney transplants can be estimated at 1,873 (154 × 365 × 100% / 30 = 1,873) cases per year.

3) This Hospital has a strong team, indicating a large number of organ transplants

The Urology Surgery Department currently has more than 100 medical staff, with 4 chief physicians or professors, 2 doctoral advisors, 8 master student supervisors, 8 deputy chief physicians and associate professors.[466]The General Surgery Department had 76 staffs, with 9 chief physicians, 20 deputy chief physicians, and 10 attending physicians.[467] They can form multiple liver and kidney transplantation teams.

36. PLA 302 Hospital; performed more than 1,000 cases of liver transplant per year; ranked top 10 in China

PLA 302 Hospital was the country's largest tertiary level (Third Level and first class) hospital for infectious diseases, and the only one in the Army.[468] The hospital had been designated by MOH to carry out liver transplants since May 23, 2007.[469]

1) This hospital ranked top ten in liver transplants

The hospital established the liver transplant center in 2005, and has engaged in liver transplant clinical and research work for over 10 years. It also assisted hospitals in Beijing and other cities to expand liver transplants in the last 6 years.[470] The liver transplant center was ranked 7th for quality list, and 9th for quantity of transplants list, based on 2010 Chinese Liver Transplant Center Data.[471]

2) Based on beds, the hospital performed over 1,000 cases of liver transplants per year

The Hepatobiliary Surgery Center II & Research Center include the transplant surgery, the transplantation medicine and a fundamental laboratory. The main direction of treatment and research embraced liver transplantation of end-stage, auxiliary liver transplantation, living donor liver transplantation, scission liver transplantation, liver cell transplantation, transplant before and after medical treatment and follow-up, standard treatment of primary disease recurrence in patients after transplantation, liver resection liver cancer accurate, and minimally invasive radio diagnosis. The transplant surgery center had 50 beds, and the transplant medicine division had 45 beds. They also established specialty clinics, including No. 29 surgical clinics, and No. 27 medical clinics and so on.[472]

Figure 6.75 Snapshot of PLA 302 Hospital Website

Assuming the 95 beds of transplant (50 + 45 = 95), and 30-day average length of stay, 100% bed turnover rate, we can assume the number of liver transplants could be as high as 1,155 (95 × 365 × 100% / 30 = 1,301) cases per year.

3) The number of liver transplant doctors indicated a large number of transplants in the hospital

The Hepatobiliary Surgery Center II & Liver Transplantation Research Center had a leading professional technology medical care team. There were 22 surgeons, 40% with a Doctorate, and 50% with a Masters.[473] Liu Zhenwen, appointed to be the Surgery Center Director in 2005, completed more than 1,000 liver transplants independently and helped 34 hospitals to carry out liver transplants.[474] Since 22 surgeons can form multiple liver transplant teams, we believe this hospital could have performed a large number of transplants.

37. The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University

The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University was crated by splitting and relocating the Shanghai First Medical College (now Fudan University Affiliated Hospital). It became a comprehensive educational and hospital group, having the largest scale, most advanced equipment and most powerful technology in Chongqing. The headquarters was scaled to 3,200 beds that take patients from all over the country and overseas. There were 21 teaching hospitals and 75 guidance hospitals in the surrounding areas.[475]

1) The hepatobiliary surgery department was the organ transplant center of Chongqing, and the urology department was the kidney transplant center of Chongqing

The Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery was a national clinical key specialty, and Organ Transplant Center of Chongqing's location, having the authority to grant Doctoral and Master's degrees.[476] The Department of Urology was among the first to conduct allogeneic renal transplantation in Chongqing City, and was the renal transplant center in Chongqing, having the authority to grant Doctoral degree.[477] The Department of Ophthalmology started cornea transplant early in 1960's, and was the support unit of Chongqing Eye Bank, completing one of the most productive cornea transplantation centers in China.[478]

2) This hospital could perform over 1,000 kidney transplants, based on number of beds per year

The Department of Urology was the Renal Transplant Center of Chongqing and had 156 inpatient beds with 3 wards.[479] The Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery was the Organ Transplant Center of Chongqing and had 150 inpatient beds.[480]Assume that 1/3 of inpatient beds in these two departments are for transplantation, then in a year, if 102 [(156+150)/3=102] beds are occupied at 100% turnover rate and an average of 30 days of hospitalization per patient, a conservative estimate would yield 1241 (102x365x100%/30=1241) yearly renal transplantations in this hospital. Assuming one third of the beds in Urology and Hepatobiliary Surgery departments were given for transplant patients, there will have 102 [(156 + 150) / 3 = 102] beds. If we assume a 30-day average length of stay, 100% bed turnover rate, the number of liver and kidney transplants are up to 1,241 (107 × 365 × 100% / 30 = 1,241) cases per year.

3) This hospital had many liver and kidney transplant surgeons

The Department of Urology had team of professionals that include 8 senior titles, 10 associate senior titles, 2 Doctoral and 12 Master's supervisors, and 67 nurses.[481] Du Chengyou, the director of Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, received doctoral degree in hepatobiliary surgery from Western China Medical University in 1996, then studied anti-rejection drugs in the Asta Tech Inc. in United States, also had training in liver transplant from University of Strasbourg in France and Kyoto University Affiliated Hospital in Japan. His team consisted of 6 professors, 8 associate professors and 14 doctoral candidates. Nearly half of the doctors have experienced professional training abroad.[482] They were capable of forming several liver and renal transplant teams.

38. Qianfoshan Hospital in Shandong Province, a national kidney transplant center and the largest liver transplant center in Shandong, can perform up to 1,000 cases of liver and kidney transplants per year

Qianfoshan Hospital in Shandong Province is a Grade 3 Class A general hospital. It had performed multi-organ transplant, such as heart-kidney joint transplantation, liver-kidney joint transplantation, heart-lung joint transplantation, testis transplantation and corneal transplantation. It was the only one that carries out bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell transplantation among provincial Grade 3 Class A hospitals, and it had been designated a hematopoietic stem cell collection hospital for China Marrow Donor Program (CMDP).[483]

1) Qianfoshan Hospital is Oriental Organ Transplant Institute’s Liver Transplant Center in Shandong Province and the largest liver transplant center and base in Shandong

Qianfoshan Hospital collaborated with the Oriental Organ Transplant Institute of Tianjin First Central Hospital, which conducted the most cases of liver transplants in China, jointly founded the “Shandong Liver Transplant Center of Orient Organ Transplant Institute.” And they had hired Shen Zhongyang as the center’s professor. The standards of diagnosis and treatment were in accordance with that of Oriental Organ Transplant Institute of Tianjin First Central Hospital. It was Shandong Province’s largest liver transplant center and base, ranking first in the province in terms of the number of liver transplant cases, methods and surgical success rates.[484]

2) Based on calculations with the number of beds, the hospital performed over 1,000 Cases of Kidney Transplants per year

The General Surgery Department of Qianfoshan Hospital had liver transplant division with 80 beds.[485] By jointly setting up Shandong Liver Transplant Center of Orient Organ Transplant Institute with Tianjin, it had become the first hospital in Shandong Province to establish a specialized liver transplant department, which carried out the most cases of liver transplantation in the province. It can be said to play a leading role in terms of liver transplant technologies in the Shandong province.[486] Referring to Orient Organ Transplant Center’s bed usage conditions, 90% of beds were used for organ transplants, Qianfoshan hospital would have 72 beds (80 beds multiplied with 90% equal 72 beds) for liver patients. In addition, the urology department had 58 beds.[487] Assuming half of the beds in the kidney transplant and hepatopancreatobiliary surgery departments were given for transplant patients, there will have 107 [(57 + 100) / 2 = 107] beds. We assumed a 30-day average length of stay, 100% bed turnover rate, and the number of liver and kidney transplants is 1,228 (101 × 365 × 100% / 30 = 1,228) cases per year.

3) The hospital had a good team of kidney transplant doctors

The General Surgery Center had 7 professors and chief physicians, 9 associate professors and associate chief physicians, 10 attending physicians, including two doctoral student supervisors and 5 master’s degree student supervisors[488]. The urology department was Qianfoshan Hospital’s clinical advantage specialist department. It had 14 physicians, including 3 people with primary senior professional titles, 4 with secondary senior professional titles, 3 with intermediate professional titles and 4 with junior professional titles, and 17 medical staffers. Among them, there are 6 with doctorates and 6 with master’s degrees. The department also taught in School of Medicine, Shandong University. There were 2 professors, 2 associate professors and 3 master’s degree student supervisors at Shandong University,[489] who can form multiple liver transplant teams. The hospital also recruited a number of transplant experts to provide technical guidance.

Zang Yunjin, studied liver transplant surgery at Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) as a visiting scholar between Sep. 1999 and December 2000. His adviser was Professor John J. Fung, the president of the International Liver Transplantation Society at that time. Zang returned to China in Dec. 2000 and later founded the liver transplant division in Qianfoshan Hospital. He also helped establish the Oriental Organ Transplant Institute Shandong Liver Transplant Center. In January 2005, Zang joined the Liver Transplant Institute at General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Cop Forces. In April 2005, he was appointed deputy director, chief physician and professor of the center. By June 2014, he had presided over 1,570 cases of liver transplant surgeries.[490]

4）The hospital’s surgeon admitted that the organ sources were Falun Gong practitioners, and the hospital started to perform flush organ transplants in April 2006

A surgeon at the Liver Transplant Center in Qianfoshan Hospital was investigated by WOIPFG on the phone.

Investigator: I heard that some livers come from Falun Gong practitioners. So I want to know if you have this type or not?
Surgeon: Um. You just need to come.
Investigator: So you mean you have this type?
Surgeon: Let me tell you, you just come over…well... anyway, there certainly will be more of such donors in April (2006), and the number of those donors is gradually increasing now.[489]

5）A Senior Employee in the healthcare system in Jinan City, Shandong Province revealed that Qianfoshan Hospital participated in organ harvesting

A senior employee, who had worked in the healthcare system in Jinan City, Shandong Province for more than 20 years, disclosed that many cases of organ harvesting and transplants were carried out by Qianfoshan Hospital, Shandong Police General Hospital, Shandong Provincial Prison and Shandong Provincial Women’s Prison and many more prisons and forced labor camps. (These institute were all located on the Southern Industrial Road. The women’s prison was located in the southwest corner of the men’s prison. Their plaque on the street reads “Shandong Province Industrial Development Co., Ltd.”) They formed a “large-scale assembly line” operation, which included the arrangement of donor and patients, the removal of live organs, organ transplantation, and the allocation of revenue.[492]

In summary, the number of liver and kidney transplant of Qianfoshan Hospital can be up to 1,000 per year.

39. Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University is one of the most important organ transplant centers and the number of kidney transplantation exceeded 1,000 cases per year

Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University (formerly the Second Affiliated Hospital of First Military Medical University) was a general hospital of medical teaching and research. It had been transferred to Guangdong province on Aug. 2004. It was granted the first batch of “Class Three Grade A” of military hospitals. After years of development, the hospital had a distinct specialist technical character on organ transplants (kidney, liver, pancreas transplantation).[493] It was accredited to conduct kidney transplantation by the MOH.[494] It was issued a Class A kidney transplant, Class B liver transplant, Class C heart transplant by Guangdong Province in 2004.[495]

1) According to Bai Shuzhong, the Minister of Health of the General PLA Logistics, Zhujiang Hospita was the main military hospital organ harvesting[496]

2)Zhujiang Hospital was one of the most important organ transplant centers in China

The Organ Transplant Center of Zhujiang Hospital was an institute which granted doctorate programs. It was composed of organ transplantation, blood purification center, and Institute of Transplantation Immunology (including tissue typing room). The medical area covers 2300 square meters.[497] According the website of Organ Transplantation Center, it’s one of Chinese major transplant centers and reached international advanced level in the cadaveric kidney transplantation, related kidney transplantation, liver transplantation, and pancreas-kidney joint transplantation.[498]

3) There were ample surgeons in this hospital to carry out organ transplants

There were 37 surgeons in organ translation center, including 2 Professors, 4 deputy Professors, 2 Deputy Chief Technicians, and 4 lecturers. And it had 5 PH.D., 4 Master, 1 Returnees, 2 PhD Tutors, 2 Master Tutors.[499] There were two physicians whose transplant quantity exceeded 1,000 cases, one still working in Zhujiang Hospital, while the other moved on to another hospital.

Lin Minzhuan Lin was the deputy chief physician, professor, MD. He was the vice chairman of Guangzhou Medical Organ Transplant Association and Standing Committee of Guangdong Medical Association Organ Transplant Society, the Committee of CPPCC in Zhuhai District of Guangzhou City, and Expert Editorial Committee of Editorial Board of Chinese Journal of Medical Practice. He graduated with a PhD in Medicine from the Institute of Organ Transplant Research in Tongji Medical University. In 1997, he was appointed deputy director of Organ Transplantation division of Zhujiang Hospital, and associate professor, deputy chief physician, and master tutor. He took part in the clinical research and teaching of blood purification and kidney transplant techniques for 20 years. He specializes in a variety of kidney replacement therapy, and he is skilled at dealing with the treatment of complications, a variety of immunosuppressive agents, highly sensitized patients and elderly patients. He conducted nearly 2,600 cases of kidney transplants and 25 case of liver transplants, and 3 cases of pancreas-kidney joint transplantation.[500]

Li Jie, Guangdong, now the director of Urology of Organ Transplantation department of Dongguan Taiping People's Hospital and Chief Physician, worked in urology and organ transplant for 20 years. And he once worked in Zhujiang Hospital for more than 10 years. He participated in more than 4,000 cases of kidney transplant, and presided more than 500 cases of kidney transplant as chief operating surgeon. He also participated in more than 50 cases of liver transplantation, and 12 cases as chief operating surgeon.[501]

Considering that South Hospital of South Medical University, the same affiliated relationship with that of the First Military Medical University previous to 2004 had transplanted more than 1,000 livers and kidneys, we believed that Zhujiang Hospital should be similar to South Hospital, i.e. that the number of kidney transplants should be approximately 1,000 cases per year.

40. The PLA No.181 Hospital; the PLA Kidney Transplant and Dialysis Treatment Center has 150 beds and over 1,000 cases of transplantations per year

On May 23, 2007, PLA 181 hospital was authorized by MOH to conduct kidney transplantation.[502]

1) This hospital's PLA Kidney Transplant and Dialysis Treatment Center is the Guangzhou Military Region's Organ Transplant Center

The PLA Kidney Transplant and Dialysis Treatment Center was based on the Nephrology Department, and simultaneously serves as Nephrology research institute and organ transplantation center of Guangzhou Military Region. The center was a commissioner institute of the Guangzhou Military Region's Organ Transplant Academic Board and Guangxi Academy of Medical Sciences’ Organ Transplantation Branch. The center included organ transplantation, kidney disease, blood purification and basic experiment division. It was at advanced technical level among PLA hospitals, and a leading level in Guangzhou Military Region and in Guangxi Province.[503]

2) Based on the number of beds, this hospital should perform over 1,000 cases of kidney transplants per year

PLA Kidney Transplant and Dialysis Treatment Center of this hospital had 150 beds.[504] Assuming 150 beds were dedicated to transplant patients, and assuming a 30-day average length of stay, and 100% bed turnover rate, the number of liver and kidney transplants can be estimated at 1,825 (150 × 365 × 100% / 30 = 1,825) cases per year.

3) Plenty of transplant surgeons

PLA Renal Transplant and Dialysis Treatment Center had 17 physicians and 12 technicians in total. Among them, there were 2 doctorate supervisors, 4 master supervisors, 5 chief physicians, 3 deputy chief physicians, 4 attending physicians and 9 resident doctors.[505] They are capable of forming more than 5 kidney transplantation teams.

41. Yuhuangding Hospital in Yantai City; the liver and kidney transplant exceeded 1,000 cases per year

On May 23, 2007, Yuhuangding Hospital in Yantai City was accredited to conduct kidney transplantation by the MOH.[506]

1) The number of organ transplant surgeries was ranked 1st in Shandong Province

Transplantation was the highest technological imperative of the hospital.[507] In 2004, after Gao Zhenli took over the Organ Transplant Center at Yuhuangding Hospital, organ transplantation programs (kidney, heart, liver, and pancreas-kidney joint transplant) developed rapidly. Ultimately the hospital’s annual transplant volume ranked No. 1 in Shandong province.[508]

2) Based the number of beds, this hospital is likely to conduct more than 1,000 cases of liver and kidney transplant per year

The Urology Department set up a kidney transplant intensive care unit, organ transplantation laboratory, and a tissue typing room. There was more than 100 cases of kidney transplant per year (currently, there was more than 1,000 accumulated cases of kidney transplant) with 100 beds.[509] As the first independent Hepatopancreatobiliary surgical department established in 1998, the hospital’s Hepatobiliary Surgery was widely considered a key specialty department of Shandong province with 92 beds dedicated to early liver cancer and advanced liver orthotopic liver transplant.[510] Assuming all beds in the Urology department and half of the beds in the hepatopancreatobiliary surgery department were dedicated to transplant patients, there would have been 96[(100+92)/2=96] beds. Assuming a 30-day average length of stay, 100% bed turnover rate, and the number of liver and kidney transplants were up to 1,168 (96 × 365 × 100% / 30 = 1,168) cases per year.

3) Numerous surgeons available for liver and kidney transplants

The Urology Department had 29 doctors, 38 nurses, including 13 senior titles, 1 Ph.D. tutor, and 3 Master Instructors.[511] The Hepatobiliary Surgery had 37 staff members, including 5 chief physicians, 5 deputy chief physicians, 1 postdoctoral, 6 Doctors, 8 master's degree, 1 doctoral tutors, and 4 Master Instructors.[512]

Gao Zhenli, the director of Organ Transplant Center in Yuliuding Hospital, conducted 114 cases of kidney transplantation and 2 cases of Pancreas and kidney joint transplantation in 2004 and on average, conducted more than 100 cases of kidney transplantation per year. In 2005, he conducted 160 cases of kidney transplantation, and 163 cases in 2006, 108 cases in 2007, 132 cases in 2008, and 120 cases in 2009.[513]

Liu Dongfu was the Chief physician and professor, the deputy chairman of the Organ Transplantation Society in Yuhuangding Hospital, and a Member of Shangdong Organ transplantation. He has conducted more than 3,000 kidney transplantats.[514]

Figure 6.76 Snapshot of Yuhuangding Hospital in Yantai City Web

These two surgeons have a consistent track record of transplant surgery, and given that the hospital had so many other transplant doctors, we believe the real transplant amount of the hospital should be quite sizable.

42. Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, ranked No. 28 among more than 160 transplant centers national wide in 2009, has an estimated capacity of liver and kidney transplants of approximately 1,000 cases per year

Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital was a national third level class A hospital[515]. The Hospital was among the list approved by the Ministry of Health and Family Planning Commission on August 1, 2013, to carry out human organ transplants, and was designated to carry out liver transplant, kidney transplant, pancreas transplant and small intestine transplant[516].

1) The Institute of Organ Transplantation of the hospital was the key laboratory for organ transplantation conversion medicine in Sichuan

Sichuan Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation conversion medicine was based on the Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and the Institute of Organ Transplantation of Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital. The Institute was founded in 2007 and established the Organ Transplantation Center to carry out clinical kidney and liver transplantation. In 2008, it established the laboratory of molecular biology and cell biology and the cell transplant center in 2010, building an advanced standard laminar flow laboratory, followed by a transplantation immunology research laboratory, and an experimental animal laboratory and pathology laboratory. In Dec. 2011, after feasibility studies and expert assessment, the Science and Technology Office of Sichuan Province approved the laboratory as "Sichuan Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation Conversion Medicine"[517].

2) The hospital’s organ transplant center ranked No. 28 among more than 160 transplant centers national wide in 2009

The Organ Transplant Center of Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences and Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital was one of the few comprehensive clinical transplantation centers able to perform various organ transplantation, cell transplantation, hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery and urology, and endoscopic surgery. As the state designated hospital for liver transplant and kidney transplant approved by the Ministry of Health, the department focused on transplant surgery, specifically hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery and urology surgery. Other than conventional hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery, the hospital specialized in clinical liver, kidney, small intestine, pancreas transplant, and multiple organs co-transplants, such as pancreas-kidney and liver-intestine co-transplant. The Organ Transplant Center was established in March 2007, led by organ transplant specialists returning from overseas, including Professors Deng Shaoping, Yang Hongji and Huang Xiaolun, and other talented surgeons that had been recruited through a strict process. By June 2009, the Center had opened the first and only specialized clinics of organ transplantation in Sichuan, and by 2010, it had successfully obtained the approval to become a training center for specialized organ transplant nurses in Sichuan[518].

3) According to the number of beds and the turnover rate, the estimated number of liver and kidney transplant performed in the center could reach up to 1,000 cases per year

As of January 2011, the clinical surgery center had more than 100 beds. The length of stay for patients was short who were received surgery of advanced staged cirrhosis and liver cancer[519]. According to the average 25-day hospital stay after liver and kidney transplantation, and an estimated 100% bed turnover rate, these 100 beds could support the completion of 1,460 patients with liver and kidney transplants each year (1,460 = 100 × 365 × 100% / 25).

4) The hospital has built a strong team of liver and kidney transplant surgeons

There are five physicians at the beginning of the establishment of transplant center, five nurses, eight beds[520], As of January 2011, the Clinical Surgery Center had 12 physicians and 27 nurses. Among 15 doctors in the center, there were 9 doctorate degree and 5 with master's degree[521].

43. The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region, the army’s largest eye bank

The General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region is one of China’s largest military hospitals. Due to the fact that web pages were deleted from the hospital’s official website, we were unable to gather sufficient information on its renal and liver transplants. However, from the cornea transplantation data, we could extrapolate that the hospital has a large volume of transplants. For example, the ophthalmology department of the General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region contains the largest eye bank in the army, as well as within the Northeast region.[522] It has several decades’ history of cornea transplant development and the eye bank’s organ source is abundant.[523] Its cornea transplant volume tops all major hospitals in the Northeast region, and it is the only hospital in the Shenyang region that can provide cornea transplant patients with corneal materials at any given time. Considered as the lead hospital in Northeast region for developing cornea transplant programs, the hospital currently holds the highest number of cornea transplant cases in the Shenyang region.[524]

Judging from its location and overall capability, the General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region is the largest hospital in Northeast China. The number of corneal transplant the hospital conducts suggests that it also conducts a large amount of transplant operations of other organs. Resources show that a great number of Falun Gong practitioners are being imprisoned in the three provinces of the Northeast region, which ensures that the Shenyang Military Region receives ample supply of living “donors”. This, together with other factors, led us to believe that there’s great chance that the General Hospital of Shenyun conducts a great number of liver transplant operations.

44. The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University was where Huang Jiefu conducted a liver transplant demo with two living donors back in 2005

The Organ Transplant Research Institute of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University was established in July 2002. Directed by Wen Hao, the institute had a total of 38 staff members, including 32 with senior professional titles and 6 with intermediate professional titles. It consisted of subordinate research laboratories for liver transplant, bone marrow transplant, kidney transplant and corneal transplant. The main research areas were liver transplant, kidney transplant, bone marrow transplant, corneal transplant and heart transplant.[525]

Xinjiang is perhaps the first province to conduct large scale organ harvesting under order of the Party. According to Ethan Gutmann’s report entitled “The Xinjiang Procedure”, the CCP built the world's largest labor camp in the Tarim Desert, detaining about 50,000 Uighurs and felons. Starting as early as 1997, the Chinese Communist Party began to experiment with bulk organ harvesting from prisoners of conscience, and this practice ultimately spread all over China. By the end of 1999, the tragedy of the Uighurs accelerated as former Secretary General of the CCP Jiang Zemin personally launched the crackdown against Falun Gong thus igniting the largest scale persecution since the Cultural Revolution and Falun Gong practitioners illegally detained in Xinjiang became a vast new source of healthy organs.[526]

In 2000, AFP disclosed that the Chinese authorities sent Falun Gong practitioners, who do not report their names and addresses, to secret camps in Xinjiang by train, and so far there are no reports of anyone returning to their homes.[527] We also found that doctor bring patients to Xinjiang for organ transplants when they can't find a donor in other areas.[528]

This is the hospital where Huang Jiefu conducted an autologous liver transplant demo with two living donors as back up in 2005.[529] Wen Hao, the president and director of Liver Transplant Center, is the committee of Chinese Organ Transplantation Society of Chinese Medical Association.[530] He finished a doctorate degree from Salford University in England, and had a post-doc of digestive vascular surgery and liver transplant center at Medical School of Franche-Comte University in France at 1995.

The medical thesis “Preliminary Experiences of Monitoring 4,207 Patients after Liver Transplant", written by the surgeon of this hospital, revealed that the hospital had conducted over 4,200 liver transplants before March 2003,[531] which is in line with the scale of the hospital. However, the strange thing is that when we later reviewed this thesis on Chinese websites, its title remained the same, but its contents had become the caring for five patients of liver transplants, which was completely different from the title.

Figure 6.77 The cached webpage of the article published on “Endemic Diseases Bulletin 2003 Vol.18, Issue No.2 "

Another article written by a surgeon of this hospital, published in "Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation"(Journal) at 2010 Volume 19, mentioned that between August 1999 to September 2008, 779 cases of kidney transplant were successfully completed. However, the official website of the hospital in September 2012 simply states: "Since 2001, the cadaveric renal allograft and living donor kidney transplant have become the scale, carried out more than 300 cases of surgery."

45. The General Hospital of Navy disclosed several thousand liver transplants on its official website

The Navy General Hospital is one of the best hospitals in China (rated as Grade A, Class 3). Its hepatobiliary surgery provides teaching support for graduate schools of eight well-known medical institutes and colleges including Navy Clinical Medicine School of No. 2 Military Medical University, Continuing Education College of No. 2 Military Medical University, Academy of Military Medical Sciences and other colleges. They jointly set up working stations for post doctorates, eight stations for doctor’s degree and 23 stations for master’s degree.

Qiu Baoan, the leader of transplant team in this hospital and member of Beijing Organ Transplant Academic Committee, has been called the first surgeon of liver transplant in China. He studied at the liver transplant center of University of Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, USA.[532] Since 1999, its hepatobiliary surgery department claimed “thousands of patients with end-stage liver disease gained a new life after liver transplant surgeries.”[533]

46. The PLA 153 Central Hospital hosts the One National Kidney Transplant Center, the army’s central china kidney transplantation coordination center

PLA 153 Central Hospital was in the first round of Kidney Transplant Center licensed by Ministry of Health, one of the national kidney transplant centers. It was established by merging the PLA 153 Hospital and the former PLA 460 Hospital (Air force in Zhengzhou). [534]

In 1994, at the Military organ transplant conference, this center was picked as the collaborating kidney transplant center of central China, and was named Urology Research Center of Jinan Military Region in 2001. The center recently partnered with the German company Biotest, and established a new type of organ transplant laboratories, which allowed the hospital's organ transplant technology to be more perfectly synchronized with the international technology. Now it has 52 beds and a dedicated kidney transplant ward with ICU monitoring equipment. In 1999, the total number of cases surgery per year was among the top 20 kidney transplant centers of China.[535]

47. PLA 452 Hospital. Top of kidney transplants in Sichuan and openly admits to having Falun Gong practitioners as organ sources

The PLA 452 Hospital is among the first round of kidney transplant hospitals licensed by Ministry of Health, and the quantity of kidney transplants is among the highest in Sichuan Province.[536] This hospital is also called Chengdu Air Force Hospital Authorities. A Xinhua website reported in 2009 that the nephrology and urology center of 425 Military Hospital was established in 2003 by hospital president Zhang Cong. Thanks to entrepreneurial investment in equipment upgrade, the “village and township level” hospital, once facing financial difficulties, leapt to first place in kidney transplants in Sichuan Province.[537] Zhang Cong was ultimately promoted to the president of 309 Hospital.[538]

Shortly after the news of organ harvesting on live Falun Gong practitioners was exposed in 2006, WOIPFG initiated an investigative call to Director Xu Yahong. He claimed that he had been detained to Chengdu, Sichuan where there were rich sources of kidney donors, that he had helped a local military hospital – an Air Force Hospital – in conducting kidney transplantation,[539] and that he had personally completed at least 500 kidney transplants and could provide organs from young and healthy Falun Gong practitioners.[540] After the news was exposed, the webpages that contained the data were deleted from its official website.

48. The First Hospital of Peking University with the Affiliated Hospital of Peking University established the largest organ transplant center in the nation

The First Hospital of Peking University established itself as Number one in the field of Urology in China in many areas such as kidney transplantation[541]. In cooperation with the Affiliated Hospital of Peking University, it also established the largest organ transplant center in the nation[542]. The Urology Institute had two generations of Academician Wu Jieping and Guo Ying-Lu, and became internationally renowned as a leading urology center. There were 121 medical and research staff, including 2 Academicians, 7 PhD advisors and 5 Master’s Instructors[543].

49. The Third Hospital of Peking University ranked first in kidney transplants within Beijing in 2004

More than 100 cases of kidney transplants were performed in 2001 in this hospital, then ranked third in the medical field in Beijing. In 2004, the hospital performed 185 cases of kidney transplants, ranking it first in Beijing.[544]

50.The Sino-Japanese Friendship Hospital’s National Kidney and Lung Transplant Centers lead kidney and liver transplant close to the international level

The Sino-Japanese Friendship Hospital was cooperatively constructed by Chinese and Japanese governments and supported by the Japanese government for free. The hospital took international patients from more than one hundred countries and regions and was listed as the basic health care hospital for Chinese Communist Party central cadres in 2001.[545] Lung transplantation in Thoracic surgery took the lead in the country.[546] Kidney transplantation led domestically [547] and the technical level of liver transplantation was close to international level.[548]

51. The General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region is the largest urology base in Southern China and is at the forefront of liver transplantation in Guangdong Province

In 2005, the General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region received approval to establish the Guangzhou Military Urology Research Institute. In 2008, it was awarded Guangdong’s Specialty Program by the provincial government. Currently, it stands as the largest urology department in Guangdong province and the region’s largest base for urology related education, research, treatment, prevention, and includes a post-doc research station. At present, there is 1 Ph.D. supervisor, 3 master’s degree supervisors, 1 person with State Council allowance, 2 persons with military allowance, 1 military general-rank specialist, 4 key personnel from Guangzhou Military Region, 1 well-known surgeon from the military region, 1 outbound post-doctor, 6 doctors (with Ph.D.’s), 8 persons with master’s degrees, and 10 Ph.D. or master’s degree candidates.[549] The hospital’s Hepatobiliary Surgery Department’s Liver Transplant Center has become one of the most technically strong and comprehensive organ transplant centers at the hospital.[550]

52. The General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region is one of the largest renal transplant bases in the Western Region

The department of urology at the General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region is a kidney transplant base for medical treatment, research and education that serves Sichuan province and China’s West region (Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Tibet). It is also the teaching hospital of the third Medical University of PLA, Medical School and clinic School of Xinan Jiaotong University, and the Medical School of Chuangbei. [551] At present, there are 3 professors and 4 associated professors, 4 physicians-in-charge including 5 doctorate degree and 2 masters degrees in the Urology Division, 2 professors and 3 associated professors, 3 physicians-in-charge with doctor degree in Hepatobiliary Surgery Division including 2 surgeon who have overseas experience.[552]

53. PLA 303 Hospital is a key lab and research base for transplant medicine in Guangxi Province

The PLA 303 Hospital's public data disclosed that its annual transplant volume includes roughly 200 renal transplants, 30 to 50 liver transplants, and about 10 heart and lung transplants. To date, it has developed transplant programs focused on kidney, liver, heart, lung, multi-organ, and cornea. The first case of a kidney transplant was performed in 1993. The first liver transplant was completed in 2004, and the program became independent. In 2005, the first combined liver and kidney transplant was performed. An organ transplant building was constructed and went into operation in 2006. The first heart transplant was performed in 2009. In 2010, the Transplantation Medicine Research Institute was founded, and the Autonomous Region’s Transplant Medicine Key Laboratory Development Base was established. The team is very strong, with “over 20 high-ranking research individuals, 3 postdocs, 30 Ph.D.’s, and more than 80 percent of its research team holds at least a master’s degree.”[553]

54. The Affiliated Hospital of the Armed Police Medical School’s kidney transplant volume placed first in the armed police forces and is among the top 20 major hospitals in china

The department of kidney disease in the Hospital Affiliated with the Armed Police Force is a multi-disciplinary center that combines kidney transplantation, urology, nephrology, blood purification, and a tissue matching laboratory into one section. With its renal transplant program, the nephrology department spearheaded the development of renal transplantation technology.[554] In the past few years, under Li Huisuo’s leadership, the team completed more than 200 renal transplant operations every year. Over 150 cases involved only a single surgeon. This placed the hospital first in the armed police forces and among the top 20 main hospitals in China.[555]

55. The Second People's Hospital of Shanxi province can conduct 11 cases of kidney transplant in a single day

The Second People's Hospital of Shanxi Province is the first round of kidney transplant hospital licensed by Ministry of Health. It came from the Specialty Hospital of Shanxi Province. The Kidney transplant & dialysis center founded at Oct. 1997, has become the biggest scale specialist with complete facilities and the best technology in Shanxi Province. There are 90 beds and 21 intensive care beds, and it has ranked first 15th for five consecutive years.[556] A kidney transplant costs about 100,000 RMB in this hospital and the total revenue of this business was 250 million RMB in 2005. In August 2006 the number of patients waiting for transplant was more than 100 people a day. On August 15, 2006, the hospital conducted 11 cases of kidney transplantation in one day[557] and Wu Xiaotong, the director of the Centre and the member of Chinese Medical Association of Organ Transplant Committee, chairman of the Professional Transplant Committee of Shanxi, conducted transplant surgery for 12 hours without rest.[558]

56. The PLA 464 Hospital claims to have the highest number of Tianjin’s kidney transplants in 2007

The PLA 464 Hospital has established its own renal transplant center.[559] The department of urology has set a renal transplant record in Tianjin regarding earliest development and the highest 5-year survival rate.[560]

57. The PLA 307 Hospital, one of the biggest kidney transplant center in Beijing, performed kidney transplant operations overnight and admitted sourcing organs from Falun Gong practitioners

On April 10, 2007, WOIPFG conducted a phone investigation with Chen Qiang, the contact person for kidney sources in the transplant center at PLA’s No. 307 Hospital stationed in Fengtai, Beijing. He clearly stated: “If the real name could not be found, only a substitute number could be left instead. Understand?” He also emphasized that they “are providing a one-stop service to trade organs coming from Falun Gong practitioners, which involves the government, police and the prison. (They) could provide documents that verify the identity of Falun Gong practitioners.”[561] According to doctors from PLA 307 Hospital, this hospital currently performs kidney transplant surgeries every night.[562]

The PLA 307 Hospital is an affiliated Hospital of Military Medical Sciences and it provides medical treatment, teaching, and scientific research using a total of 1,500 beds.[563] In 2000, the PLA 307 Hospital established a renal transplant center.[564] It claimed that it performing kidney transplant surgery early in China, and has become one of the biggest kidney transplant centers in Beijing. In addition, the experts from the center helped guide renal transplant business affairs in other hospitals.[565]

58. The General Hospital of Beijing Military Region is one of eight army urology center and has kidney and liver transplantation double qualification

The General Hospital of Beijing Military Region is one of Eight Army Urology Centers. In June 2004, the Beijing Military Region General Hospital made a huge investment to purchase advanced medical equipment, employ professionals, and improve patient experience. The hospital restructured the old Urinary Surgery Department and established the Urinary Surgery Center, which consists of subunits including a kidney transplantation center.[566] Sun Fengling, deputy chief physician of the center and an associate professor, had operated nearly 500 renal transplants since the 1980’s.[567]

On February 25, 2009, the Hepatobiliary introduction of this hospital webpage claimed that the hepatobiliary surgery and liver transplant centers began to conduct clinical liver transplantation in 1999. Currently the hospital claims that it has become a routine surgery; the hepatobiliary surgery division of General Hospital of Beijing Military Region has established a fast and open path to acquire liver source, and not only is able to acquire liver source from Beijing and its surrounding area on time, but is also able to timely acquire liver sources of high quality from other provinces and municipalities.[568]

59. The No. 7 People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou City claimed to have the largest number of renal transplants in Henan province

The kidney transplant and nephrology department in the No. 7 People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou City was formerly known as Zhengzhou Urology Medical Research Institute. It began its allogeneic renal transplant program relatively early in China. “For the past 20 years, the number and quality of renal transplant operations in our hospital stayed firmly on top in the entire province.” In 1995, the department of health in Zhengzhou appointed the hospital as the “Zhengzhou Renal Transplant and Blood Purification Center.” The specialist team consists of 38 medical professionals. The team structure is complete and fully staffed. Currently within the center, there are 13 physicians at all levels, among them, 2 chief physicians, 8 attending physicians, and 5 master’s degree candidates.[569]

60. Shanghai’s Ruijin Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University has a strong team, with a national ranking of No. 4

Shanghai’s Ruijin Hospital is one of the earliest hospitals to have performed liver and heart transplant surgery. In 2013, Ruijin Hospital ranked No. 4 in China’s top 100 best specialist hospitals.[570] The organ transplant center in Ruijin Hospital affiliated with Shanghai Jiaotong University was formally established in February 2003. Under the leadership of Li Hong, the hospital attracted a number of elite figures in the transplant industry around China, including Peng Chenghong, Yin Lu, Xu Da, Wang Xianghui, etc. Together with the young faculty at the hospital, and clinical and research personnel in the areas of operating room, anesthesiology, ICU, hematology, and pathology, a technically skilled and competent transplant team has been created over time. Presently, there are 57 beds in total, of which 14 are for ICU. The center is equipped with a laminar flow system and negative pressure rooms. Its annual transplant cases average over 200.[571]

61. The Department of Urology at Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region is the kidney transplant center of Guangzhou Military Region and it uses Falun Gong practitioners as organ donors

The Department of Urology at Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region is now the kidney transplant center of Guangzhou Military Region.[572] Wuhan General Hospital’s Department of Urology was founded in 1950. It has developed into a highly advanced department with strong technical strength, advanced equipment and the integrated disciplines of general urology, andrology, and organ transplantation. The department has 126 beds. It also has a team of young and energetic professionals, with the majority of them having doctorate or master’s degrees.[573] Director Tang, who is in charge of kidney transplants at Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region, said during one WOIPFG investigation, “If it (i.e. organ) is available from Falun Gong, then we use it.”[574] The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Medical University also swaps Falun Gong practitioner donors with Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region.[575]

There are at least 12 doctors in the Urology division of this hospital, titled three military technology and awarded general-level treatment.[576]

62. The Affiliated Changhai Hospital of Second Military Medical University has ample supply sources for kidney transplants

The hospital’s abundant kidney supply is very suspicious. Its urology department advertised on its website: “1) The donor kidneys are high-quality. The patients’ renal function would rapidly recover post-op, 2) There is ample kidney supply, and the transplant wait time is short.”[577] Due to the testimony of Bai Shuzhong, former Minister of Health for the PLA General Logistics Department, we believe that this affiliated hospital of a military medical university is a key hospital in harvesting organs from live Falun Gong practitioners on a large scale.[578]

63. The Huashan Hospital of Fudan University is a national-level kidney transplantation center

The Huashan Hospital of Fudan University was founded in 1907. Formerly called the general institute of red cross society of China, the hospital has a high reputation at home and abroad.[579] The Fudan University organ transplantation research institute was founded in Feb 2002 in this hospital. Zheng Shusen is the head of the institute, and academician QiuFazu works as advisor. Research direction mainly focuses on large organ transplantation both in clinics and foundational studies.[580] Ding Qiang, the president of HuaShan hospital, specializes in kidney transplantation[581], Wang Zhengxin, director of liver transplantation center, conducted over 800 liver transplants. The Center features complex liver transplantation, liver cancer liver transplantation, after surgery treatment and living liver transplantation[582].

64. In the Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province there were 10 cases of organ transplant every day before October 2006

The Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province is formerly called the No. 177 central Hospital of PLA. It's a “Class Three Grade A” general hospital including medical, emergency, teaching and research, prevention, rehabilitation which was identified as the Guangdong Provincial Emergency Hospital in 2004. It has 1500 beds, and more than 400 highly-educated employees including: post-doctoral, doctoral, master and senior technical title.[583]

The department of organ transplantation was established in July 1999. Its overall score was listed top 10 in kidney transplantation in the national organ transplantation registry in 2010. It has 4 employees with senior technical title、4 with doctorates and 4 with master degrees.[584] Liu Dong, director of organ transplantation, who also acquired his doctor degree in SUN YAT-SEN University, was trained by the famous organ transplantation specialist professor Zheng Keli. Zheng admitted in his website that he had conducted over 3000 kidney transplants.[585] In October 2015, the hospital’s website showed: “director Liu Dong has participated in kidney transplantation, liver transplantation over 2000 cases,“ [586] “Performed as chief operating surgeon of cadaveric kidney transplantation in over 800 cases, cadaveric liver transplantation over 20 cases.” [587]

In 2006, Wu Jiaqing, the deputy director of this hospital, once said to a WOIPFG investigator that there were over 10 cases of organ transplantation going on every day before August 3, and on August 4 the hospital conducted 6 organ transplantation.[588] This August there were patients coming from 8-9 countries to wait for organ transplantation such as Singapore, Cambodia and France.

65. The No. 474 Hospital in Lanzhou Military Region could operate on 12 kidney transplant surgeries in a row

The No. 474 Hospital in Lanzhou Military Region could operate on 12 kidney transplant surgeries in a row during one setting.[589]

According to the surgeons list released by WOIPFG in 2014, there were 34 surgeons in organ transplantation. In the kidney transplantation department, this included 4 chief physicians, 6 deputy chief physicians and 24 other staffs.

66. The Second Hospital of Shandong University leads Shangdong province’s kidney transplants

The Second Hospital of Shandong University is the affiliated hospital of Shandong University, it has 3 Taishan scholars, 30 doctor supervisors, 70 master supervisors, and is responsible for teaching, clinical internship and teaching internship for over 10 institutes.[590] The kidney transplantation center founded in 2003 was the first professional organ transplantation center in Shandong province, and in a leading position in kidney transplantation within the province and in an advanced level within the country. The director Wang Hongwei has been doing kidney transplantation for over 20 years, conducted over 2,000 cases of kidney transplantation, and is considered to be skilled at the application of immunosuppressive drugs, after-surgery anti-rejection reaction, and dealing with complications from organ transplantation.[591] The deputy director Tian Chuan has performed over 1,000 clinical kidney transplants. And the ophthalmology division of this hospital is also performing homoplastic corneal transplantation, and apparently has sufficient sources.

67. The People's Hospital of Henan Province is one of largest general hospitals in the province and an early adopter of transplant procedures

The People's Hospital of Henan Province was picked in the first round of kidney and lung transplants licensed by Ministry of Health and began kidney transplant surgeries in the 1980s.[592]

It's one of largest general hospitals in Henan Province and the hepatobiliary surgery division successfully launched the first liver transplantation in Henan. Xue Huanzhou, the director of the division and doctor supervisor, is called “the first person of Henan liver transplantation”, and he is well-known for the bloodless hepatectomy technology and has conducted 1,000 surgeries per year. [593] The eye division has completed more than 6,000 cases of Corneal transplantation.[594]

68. Shanxi Provincial Corps Hospital was in the first round of kidney transplant licensed by Ministry of Health and its kidney and heart transplantation technology leads the country,

Shanxi Provincial Corps Hospital claims that its kidney and heart transplantation technology leads the country, and patients come from over 20 provinces, Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and overseas. The first kidney transplantation was conducted in the kidney transplantation center in May 1995. Zhao Xueyi, vice president and director of the kidney transplantation division has been involved with a large number of kidney transplantation research subjects and has set several national records.[595] In June 6, 2005, three organ transplantations were launched simultaneously and over 30 medical staffs joined. Liu Zhenwen was charge of the liver transplant and Zhao Xueyi charge of kidney transplant.[596]

69. Shaanxi Provincial Corps Hospital was among the first round to receive kidney transplant authorization licensed by Ministry of Health and its kidney transplantation technology still leads the country

Wanke Cardiac Center under the Shaanxi Provincial Corps Hospital assembled well-known experts in China and scholars from overseas. It is the hospital that implements the largest number of heart transplantation in China.[597]

In May 1995, the first case of a kidney transplant was successfully implemented in this hospital. As of 2014, there have been more than 1,000 patients who have received kidney transplants.[598] The Kidney Transplant Center assembled kidney transplant, Nephrology, Urology and blood purification, and there was a blood dialysis center and tissue typing laboratory, with 45 beds to carry out the diagnosis and treatment for kidney diseases, as well as laboratory tests. The Center attracted patients from nearly 20 provinces as well as Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and overseas[599]

70. The Affiliated Daping Hospital of Third Military Medical University is a major organ transplant center of the army

Daping Hospital, the Affiliated hospital of Third Military Medical University, took the lead in the country to carry out the heart, liver, lung, kidney and other major organs transplantation. Its pediatric heart transplant was the first in China, and survival time after lung transplants ranked second in the nation.[600] Its Urology department shows distinct advantages and specialty in aspects of renal transplantation, with overall technical strength.[601] Since the late 1990’s after starting organ transplants, the hospital's medical annual revenue went from 36 million RMB to more than 900 million RMB in 2009, a 25-fold increase.[602]

71. No. 458 Hospital (Guangzhou Air Force Hospital) is a competitive organ transplant center in the southern China

No. 458 Hospital, also named the Guangzhou Air Force Hospital, has built key specialty centers and laboratories within the national army system[603] and a large scale organ transplant center in southern China.[604] It began a liver transplant practice in 2003, with kidney transplants carried out even earlier. According to an insider's report: "Around year of 2003 to 2004, there were 5~10 (kidney) brought into the Air Force hospital every 2~3 days, usually in the middle of the night, escorted by armed plainclothes polices. Every few days there were plainclothes policeman came to pitch large amount of cash. It is known that patients who had kidney transplant were mostly foreigners.” [605] The hospital has sufficient amounts of corneas, not only used for their own large scale corneal transplantations, but also providing a supply to other hospitals. During his visiting in Purui Eye Hospital in Shanghai on May 15, 2011, Jing Lianxi, the director of Ophthalmology Department promised, "Based on its own advantages, Guangzhou hospital will provide stable supply of corneal resources needed for corneal transplant to Purui Eye Hospital”. [606]

72. No. 463 Hospital in Shenyang Military Region has a competitive number of kidney transplants and the largest eye bank with the most abundant and best quality of cornea sources in northeast China

No. 463 Hospital in Shenyang Military Region was among the second round of kidney transplant hospitals licensed by Ministry of Health and it was the first hospital to carry out kidney transplants in northeast China. In early 1990s, they performed allogeneic kidney transplantation to treat late-stage kidney uremia, and the number of kidney transplant cases and survival rates were at the forefront of the nation.[607] Their technology continues to lead in the military and the Liaoning Shenyang region.[608] In 2004 they successfully conducted orthotopic liver transplantation, ranking first in the Shenyang Military Hospitals. The hospital’s eye bank claims to be the largest in Northeast of China, with the most abundant and best quality of cornea sources.[609]

73. The People's Hospital of Wuhan University (also named The People's Hospital of Hubei Province) specializes in multi-organ transplant, and claims to perform the most kidney transplants in Hubei province

The People's Hospital of Wuhan University is one of the first organ transplant centers in the country. The hospital carries out all kinds of organ transplants.[610] It claims that the number of kidney transplants ranks first in the province. Since 2003, liver-kidney co-transplantation has been developed in the department of hepatobiliary endoscopic surgery and the same to heart transplantation.[611]

In 2006, a witness said that Tongji Hospital of Wuhan City, The People's Hospital of Wuhan University (also named The People's Hospital of Hubei Province), and Wuhan General Hospital, are the three largest hospitals in terms of organ transplantation, mainly kidney transplantation.[612] All of these hospitals are organ transplant hospitals designated by the Ministry of Health. Tongji Hospital and Wuhan General Hospital (also named Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region) were in the first round of qualified hospitals. In WOIPFG’s telephone survey during 2006, these two hospitals admitted to using Falun Gong practitioners' organs directly (see chapter 2). The Chinese official media reported that there are more than 1,000 cases of kidney transplantation conducted in this hospital per year.[613]

74. Shandong Provincial Hospital has become the largest liver transplant center in Shandong province

The liver transplant technology of Shandong Provincial Hospital has reached an advanced level and this hospital has become the largest liver transplant center of Shandong Province.[614] Liu Jun, chief physician, professor of Shandong University, doctoral tutor, vice director of general surgery in Shandong Provincial Hospital, director of organ transplantation and hepatobiliary surgery, key scientific personnel (1020 project) of Shandong Province health system, National Committee of Chinese Medical Association Organ Transplant Branch, is the province's first Postdoctoral Degree of liver transplant. His teacher, Wang Xuehao, is an academician of Chinese Academy of Engineering. As the founder of LDLT, he has created two organ transplant centers in Shandong. One is Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, and the other is Shandong Provincial Hospital. Wang was called the liver transplant pioneer of Shandong province.[615]

75. The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Medical College was forecast to rank in the top ten of the nation's liver transplant centers in 2014

Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University started to carry out kidney transplants in May 1993. The kidney transplant department was set up as a separate department with the construction of Organ Transplant Center in 2013, in response to a steady increase of transplant cases year by year.[616]

Liver transplantation became one of the conventional surgery departments.[617] In February 2014, the hospital organ transplant center was fully established.[618] The hospital forecasted that it would rank in the top ten of the nation's liver transplant in 2014.[619]

76. The First People's Hospital of Changzhou City ranks first in the total number of cases in Jiangsu province, and is among the best in China

The Urology division of the First People's Hospital of Changzhou City, became the provincial key clinical specialist in Jiangsu Province and the master's and doctoral training hospital of Suzhou University in 2001. According to the website of this hospital, the kidney transplantation is full of traditional strengths: founded in the 1980s, it has completed more than 1,600 cases so far and the total number of cases ranks first in Jiangsu Province, among the best in the country.[620]

77. The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University is among the leaders in kidney transplantation

The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University is the first round of hospitals which received a license to perform kidney transplants from the Ministry of Health. Today it has a national kidney transplant center.

The Department of Urology (including hemodialysis and the kidney transplant center) is a key clinic for Suzhou City and Jiangsu Province with master's and doctoral degrees awarded. The teachers include 2 doctoral tutors and 5 tutors of master.[621] Hou Jianquan, the chief physician of Urology department claimed that their kidney transplantation is among the leaders in China.[622]

The Suzhou HLA typing laboratory claimed that the HLA matching report issued by this hospital will be directly accepted by international, domestic transplant centers and the China Bone Marrow Bank, which greatly shortens the time to find a suitable donor. The construction and management of the transplant laboratory technology platform also fits international requirements.[623]

78. The PLA 81 Hospital is the primary base for liver transplantation in eastern China and in the last two years 81’s transplants accounted for more than 50 percent of the total for Jiangsu province

The PLA 81 Hospital completed its first liver transplant successfully in April 2003 and was promoted to the liver transplant center of Nanjing Military Region in 2006. In 2008, the hospital received its first organ transplant certification by the Ministry of Health. According to this Hospital report in China Army Website, the liver transplant centers developed rapidly and has been constructed for medical, teaching, and research purposes. The Center claims to have become the main base of liver transplantation in East China.[624] By the end of 2010, the hospital completed at least 15 cases of emergency liver transplants.[625] In the last two years, the hospital claims that their number of transplants accounted for more than 50 percent of the Jiangsu provincial total.[626]

79. Beijing You'an Hospital (National Liver Transplant Center) is China’s largest hospital of clinical hepatology

Beijing You'an Hospital is the Chinese largest hospital of Clinical Hepatology.[627] The Liver transplant center was established in 2003, including the Sino-US cooperation liver transplant center, operating with the cooperation of the famous Starzl of the University of Pittsburgh transplant center, and Professor Zhu Yue and Professor Yan Lvnan of West China Hospital Liver Transplant Center as honorary directors. The Center established collaborative relationships with more than a dozen well-known domestic and liver transplant Centers[628] with 22 doctors, 44 nurses, (including three senior titles, four deputy senior titles, six intermediate grade). In June 2014, Zang Yunjin, the Director of Armed Police General Hospital, added the You'an medical team, and Zang Yunjin was tapped to build a first-class liver transplant center in Beijing.[629]

Li Ning, the President of You'an Hospital, claimed the hospital had reached the highest success rate of liver transplant surgery in Beijing.[630] The hospital website said that he hosted more than 200 cases of liver transplantation in ten years (obviously these are tampered figures). Other sources show that he "hosted more than 500 cases of liver transplants, Chinese doctors Prize winner, Li Ning" which may more accurately reflect the real number.[631]

80. The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University ranked 5th in kidney transplants in 2011

The Transplant center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, carried out their first kidney transplant surgery in 1985, and has been developing expertise in liver transplantation, pancreas-kidney transplantation, liver-kidney transplantation and heart transplantation surgery. In 1999, the hospital established the department of transplant organ[632] and transplantation typing laboratory[633].

The hospital had completed 375 cases of kidney transplants from 1985 to 2000, and the average number is 25 cases per year. By 2006, the hospital said that they could impose kidney transplants more than 100 cases every year.[634] Until 2012, the hospital has completed kidney transplantation more than 1,600 cases cumulatively.[635][636] Among the 122 licensed transplant hospitals, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University ranked 12th in China and 2nd in Zhejiang province. The number of kidney transplant was ranked 5th in 2011.[637]

In 2001, Zhang Qiyu, the president of the Hospital, carried out the first liver transplant in southern area of Zhejiang. In the same year, they carried out simultaneous pancreas-kidney transplantation and other multiple organ transplants. Liver transplantation expertise matured as well.[638] In recent years, the group has carried out many urgent liver transplants for patients with acute liver failure.[639] In March 31, 2004, the hospital carried out its first case of an emergency heart transplant.[640]

81. The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University exploits organs that are suspected to come from southern hospitals with a military background

The kidney transplant specialist was founded in 1997 by the hospital, and changed its name to be the Organ Transplant Center in 2003, specializing in kidney, liver, pancreas and other organ transplants.[641] A first round hospital of kidney transplant licensed by Ministry of Health, it became a national center of kidney transplants in 2007.

Ding Hongwen, surgeon of Urology kidney transplant, revealed the number of kidney transplants in a conversation with investigators of "Sound of Hope" Radio network. He said: [recording], "We used to do one hundred per year, sometimes two hundreds per year, made a total number of more than one thousand, we can hardly tell how many per month, sometimes eight for a day in the evening, because it depends on the body, supplying side. In fast situation, that might be able to do within more than one month.”[642] Peng Xuemei, an anesthesiologist who cooperated with Ding Hongwen in organ transplantion, said there were many antecedents of organ donors, including the Southern Hospitals who have military backgrounds. [Recording], "often contact with those who works in Southern Hospital, this kidney is fit for patients of his side, he would contact both sides of each other, a lot of Southern hospitals will send the kidney to our hospital after they take out. It is said that there are some avenues, but this could not speak out, could not talk about openly. Most donors are in province, Guangdong Province. Such as the kidney sent to the operating room this afternoon, he would notice to come in the morning, the patient come in up to a week in advance ... ah ... One day, after coming, we'll do some preparation before surgery, then carry out the surgery.” [643]

82. The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University has carried out the majority of kidney transplant cases in Hebei province

The Department of Urology of Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University claims that it has processed the highest number of kidney transplants in Hebei province. They have advanced equipment and test center kidney transplant histological typing, blood concentration and indicators after testing, combining to create a perfect organ transplant health care system[644], with 3 Chief physicians, 2 deputy chief physicians and associate professors, 5 surgeons. Among them, there are 3 doctorate degrees and 6 master degrees.[645]

83. The Affiliated Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College at Huazhong University of Science and Technology became one of the biggest kidney transplantation centers in the south central region

The Affiliated Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College at Huazhong University of Science and Technology performed the first kidney transplant surgery in South Central China in 1977. Over thirty-four years, the hospital acquired abundant theoretical knowledge as well as clinical experience in the field, and has become one of the biggest kidney transplantation centers in the region.[646] The hospital claims it had performed the most cardiac transplants among all transplant centers in China (2014), and has performed four cardiac transplants at the same time on the same day (2013).[647]

The Tongji Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology have more than thousand cases of transplant every year as reported by the Sina Website. With a similar relationship to the Affiliated Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, we believe the number of transplants in this hospital should also be roughly equivalent to Tongji hospital.

84. The PLA 401 Hospital conducted liver transplants since 2003 and ranked 2nd in the Shandong province transplant list

The PLA 401 Hospital is a Class 3rd, Grade-A general hospital providing services in medical treatment, education, research, prevention, health care and rehabilitative therapy. The hospital has 1500 hospitalization beds and owns 2 medical centers at the whole-PLA level and 3 medical center at the military-region level. The hospital has achieved the domestic and international advanced technical level in liver, kidney transplantation and jejunum transplantation in treating benign esophageal stricture.[648]

The hospital began to perform liver transplantation in 2003 and ranked 2nd in Shandong.[649]

85. The PLA 117 Hospital is the biggest military hospital in Zhejiang province and is a national kidney transplant center

The PLA 117 Hospital is a Class 3rd, Grade-A hospital affiliated to Nanjing Military Region. It is the biggest military hospital in Zhejiang Province, providing services in medical treatment, education, research and health care.[650]

The hospital’s Renal Disease Department has sections in nephrology, blood purification and renal transplantation. The Renal Transplantation Section performs allograft and homograft transplant (including live transplant from family member donors). [651] The section claims to have decent technical strength and advanced facilities.

Xu Longgen is the director and a chief physician of the Renal Transplantation Section. He serves as the deputy commissioner of Nanjing Military Region Academy of Organ Transplantation and committee member of Zhejiang Academy of Organ Transplantation. Xu led over 600 kidney transplants. He was awarded “Air Force Grade One Technical Expert” by the PLA Air Force.[652]

86. Air Force General Hospital kidney transplantation is at an advanced technical level and is a national kidney transplant center

The Urinary Surgery Department of Air Force General Hospital was founded in 1983. It serves as the PLA center for urinary Minimally Invasive Diagnosis and Treatment. The department is among the first group of national and Beijing municipal specialist physician training centers. It also runs a master-degree graduate program for Anhui Medical University and Dalian Medical University, and serves as a teaching hospital for universities including Second Military Medical University, Third Military Medical University, Fourth Military Medical University and China Medical University.

The department has 7 employees of senior technical title, 6 PhDs and 3 masters. The hospital began to perform renal transplantation in 1986, and is among the first group of state-licensed units for clinical application of organ transplantation. Its kidney transplantation is at a domestically advanced technical level[653], and is also a national kidney transplant center.

The Hepatic and Biliary Surgery Department owns a professional team in surgery and transplantation, which consists of surgeons, intensive care doctors, anesthesiologists, pathologists and nursing teams. The Department began to perform clinical liver transplant in 1999, one of the first hospitals to perform liver transplantation in Beijing.[654] Zhang Hongyi is a liver transplant expert of the department, and serves as the department’s surgeon general. In 2000, Zhang visited the live hepatic transplant center at Medical School of Tokyo University in Japan as a visiting scholar, and acquired clinical experience of live hepatic transplantation. In 2001, Zhang returned to China and became the youngest department director of Air Force General Hospital. He is in charge of the whole department’s daily work and performs clinical liver transplant.[655]

87. The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital (Former PLA 304 Hospital) is a national kidney transplant center

The First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital’s (former PLA 304 Hospital) Urinary Surgery Department is a modern professional therapy center providing services in medical treatment, education, research and prevention. It has built its reputation in China and the PLA. The department is at a domestically advanced technical level in allograft renal transplantation. It claims to be among the first units in China that perform renal transplantation. The department performed the first case of transplant in 1978. After exploration by several generations, the department has developed kidney transplantation business by a decent scale, as well as with some unique features. The post-transplant survival rate of patient and kidney is at a domestically and internationally advanced level.[656]

88. The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University is the only hospital of kidney transplant in Heilongjiang province

The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, claims that it could complete organ transplants, including heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, testis, simultaneous heart-lung, simultaneous pancreas-kidney, simultaneous thyroid parathyroid and thymus, corneal and marrow transplants).[657]

Its kidney transplant started and developed together with domestic technology and the success rate ranks at the top in China.

Professor Zhu Qingguo, the director, is the deputy director and member of Urinary Surgery, Heilongjiang Province Medical Association, as well as the assistant director and member of Northeastern Organ Transplant Conciliation Commission.[658]

89. The Second Artillery Hospital of PLA is a first round hospital of liver transplant licensed by the Ministry of Health and sources organs from Falun Gong practitioners

In July 2004, the Second Artillery Hospital of the PLA established the liver transplant center. The hospital claims the liver transplant technology led by Zhou Dinghua has matured, with a skilled and experienced medical team that has allowed the hospital’s liver transplantation technology to reach the advanced domestic level. CCTV, Beijing TV , Beijing Times and other media have reported on liver transplantation in this hospital, which has a broad impact in the community.[659] From 2004 to 2007, 103 cases of liver transplants in the hospital had donors that were all healthy young people and the donor livers had a warm ischemia time 0 ~ 5min.[660]

In the WOIPFG investigation, Lv Wei, deputy director of Transplantation of Second Artillery Hospital, said that they used to use Falun Gong as donors.

Investigator: I have heard that many of those who condemned are Falun Gong practitioners, and harvesting their organs when they are alive, is this happened? Is it? Lv Wei: That was a long time ago.[661]

90. The No. 175 Hospital in Nanjing Military Region performed organ transplants at a rate of at least 3,000 cases per year

According to a report from China Times on May 1st 2006, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, which had received huge investments by two Taiwanese companies, would be completed to serve at the end of this year. The organ transplantation was planned as the main developmental direction of this hospital. The Taiwanese business man in Xiamen exposed that with an example of a Level three hospital located in Zhangzhou, Fu Jian province, close to Xiamen, where at least 3,000 cases of kidney transplant surgeries can be completed in that hospital each year,[662] and one of every four kidney transplant patients were from Taiwan. If one person is charged the surgery fee for one kidney transplant from one million to two millions Taiwanese currency, then this meant large profits for Chang Gung hospital.

The No. 175 Hospital in Nanjing Military Region, located at Zhangzhou city (The Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University), claimed that it is one of the largest comprehensive Level three hospitals in the region. In this hospital, the first military kidney transplant, the first living kidney transplant in the southern area of Fujian province, and the first combined heart-lung transplant in Fujian province were performed. Kidney transplant, liver transplant, heart transplant, cornea transplant and skin tissue transplant have all become a special technical advantage of the hospital.[663] There are 1,000 beds in the hospital and it’s the clinical teaching hospital of Second Military Medical University, Fourth Military Medical University, Fujian Medical University, Southern Medical University, etc. – a total of fifteen inside and outside military universities. There are a group of well-known academic leaders and experts in this hospital.[664]

91. Qilu Hospital of Shandong University is a national kidney transplant center

Qilu Hospital of Shandong University was a large comprehensive hospital[665]. On May 23, 2007, the hospital was designated by the Ministry of Health to carry out a kidney transplant surgery[666]. The hospital completed the first kidney transplants, clinical corneal transplantation, bone joint transplantation and heart transplantation. It was equipped with comprehensive diagnostic and treatment conditions: blood, lymphatic poison, PRA, HLA, MICA and other tissue typing, and the organ transplant laboratories obtained Terasaky international certification[667]. Since 1987, it had become conducting kidney transplantation[668]. In the early 1980s, the Section carried out the first liver transplantation in Shandong. Since 2003, the hospital supported the further development of liver transplantation, established a liver transplant professional group. In May 2005, the liver transplant surgery had become one of the hospital's routine procedure[669].

According to the surgeons list released by WOIPFG in 2014[670], there were 15 physicians in Kidney Transplantation Field, including 1 chief physician, 2 deputy chief physicians, and 6 primary physicians and other 6 staff. As for the Liver Transplantation Field, there were 15 physicians in transplant surgery., including 6 chief physicians, 3 deputy chief physicians, 2 primary physicians and 4 other staff members.

Tian Jun was chief physician of Organ Transplant Center of Blood Purification, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University. He completed more than 100 cases of kidney transplant per year[671].

Cuixian Quan was deputy chief physician of Organ Transplant Center of Blood Purification, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University. He performed more than 80 cases of kidney transplants per year[672]. As both of them conducted nearly 100 cases of transplantation, we can imagine that the total amount of Qilu Hospital of Shandong University transplants should be quite sizable and because there were enough physicians to create multiple transplant teams.

92. The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College is a national kidney transplant center

The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College (the Second Hospital of Guangzhou Medical) was a large comprehensive hospital and Higher Medical College Hospital[673]. On May 23, 2007, the hospital was designated by the Ministry of Health to carry out kidney transplants[674].

The kidney transplant surgery practice of this hospital began in 1987, and it became an independent department in Jan. 2001. Pan Guanghui was the director. It was one of the first batch of qualified hospitals approval by the Ministry of Health to conducting kidney transplants[675].

According to the surgeons list released by WOIPFG in 2014[676], there were 15 physicians in kidney transplantation field, including 1 chief physician, 2 deputy chief physicians and 12 staff members. As for liver transplantation, there were 6 physicians in kidney transplantation field, including 4 chief physicians, 1 deputy chief physician and 1 staff member.

Professor Pan Guanghui was the director of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical Organ Transplant Center. He had the management experience of more than 2,000 cases of kidney transplants, and he completed more than 1,000 kidney transplants. He also provided the technical support for nearly 20 hospitals.

Liao Dehuai, vice professor and deputy chief physician, completed nearly 800 cases of kidney transplants and 10+ cases of liver transplant, liver-kidney transplant, pancreas-kidney transplant. He currently serves as secretary and member of the Guangzhou Transplantation Society Committee of Chinese Medical Association and the director of kidney transplant ward of Organ Transplant Center, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University[677].

Both of them were conducted so many transplant surgeries, we can imagine that the amount of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College should be comparable.

93. The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University ranked top 20 in quality among liver transplant centers

The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University was the first Class Three Grade A hospital in Guangxi[678]. On May 23, 2007, the hospital was designated by the Ministry of Health to carry out liver transplants[679]. There were two wards at the Department of Urology - urology and kidney transplant. The latter ward focused on kidney transplants including allogeneic kidney transplant and relatives’ living-donor kidney transplant[680]. Currently the Department of Urology has over 60 medical staff members, including 6 professors/chief physicians, 6 associate professors or deputy chief physicians, 2 doctoral tutors, 11 Instructor for Master students, 10 of whom obtained their doctoral degrees, 12 have Master's degree[681].

Hepatobiliary Surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University was a national key clinical specialist (general surgery, cancer specialist), as well as key discipline for the Department of Education and Department of Health at Guangxi and Guangxi Medical University. The Hepatobiliary Surgery was the largest and highest level hepatobiliary surgery center in Guangxi. It pioneered liver transplantation and belonged to the Ministry of Health’s first batch of Human Organ Transplant Centers. There were two wards at Hepatobiliary Surgery, 95 beds officially approved, and the actual openings were 110 beds. The department had professional team with 55 staffs, including 19 doctors and 36 nurses - including 5 professors (chief physicians), 8 associate professors (deputy chief physicians), 5 lecturers (attending), 1 assistant (residency), including 2 doctoral tutors, 8 Instructors for Master students, 11 Ph.D. and 6 master graduates, and 4 deputy directors and 11 supervising nurses[682]. According to the list of Liver transplant data, the Hepatobiliary Surgery of this hospital ranked top 20 among national liver transplant centers in 2010[683].

94. The First People's Hospital of Yueyang has a skilled organ transplant team and cooperates with many hospitals including Tongji Hospital at Wuhan

In 1997, the First People's Hospital of Yueyang started organ transplants, and conducted allogeneic kidney transplantation for more than 2,000 patients. In 2003, the hospital established the Department of Organ Transplant, and set up a professional team including director Wen Dingjun, chief physician Zhang Guofu, distinguished professor Sha Bo, physician Lin Haiyue and physician Yang Dengfeng. Meanwhile, it cooperated with many hospitals such as the Tongji Hospital. For some complicated cases, they can provide remote consultations. The First People's Hospital of Yueyang was on the organ information network connecting a number of hospitals inside and outside of Hunan province, to share organ resources and share complementary technologies. The Organ Transplant Department was equipped with a large HVA matching instrument, plasma concentration detector, and imported advanced equipment like automatic heart electric monitors. The Department had actively cooperated with similar departments and entities, and carried out heart transplants, liver and kidney transplants together[684].

95. The PLA 107 Hospital was Shandong Organ Transplantation base of Institute of Organ Transplantation in Second Military Medical University and carried out 3 to 4 cases of liver transplants per day with a large number of emergency liver transplants

Hepatobiliary Surgery Center of PLA 107 Hospital was Shandong Organ Transplantation base of Institute of Organ Transplantation in Second Military Medical University and Jinan Military Medical center. It can carry out liver, kidney and pancreas transplants skillfully, and was the transplant leader in the Shandong Peninsula.[685] The liver transplant center had 40 technical staff members, including 10 senior titles, and 10 graduate students. There were 60 beds. Du Yingdong, deputy director of the liver transplant center said that they conducted 3 to 4 liver transplants per day sometimes. The hospital claims that Liver transplant surgery has entered a regular stage with rapid development like "high-speed rail." The hospital also carried out a lot of emergency liver transplants for patients with severe hepatitis and hepatic necrosis, drug-induced liver necrosis and fulminant hepatic failure.[686]

96. PLA 281 Hospital had conducted 6 to 9 cases of organ transplants on the same day at least 28 times, while kidney donor matching can be completed in a one day; overall, the hospital’s kidney transplants ranked at the top in Beijing Military Region

PLA 281 Hospital was part of Beidaihe sanatorium in Beijing Military Region, with PLA 178 Hospital and Beidaihe sanatorium of the Navy. The urology department of the hospital carried out kidney transplants, and its amount ranked among the top of the Beijing Military Region and Hebei Province.[687]

PLA 281 Hospital had performed 6 to 9 cases of kidney transplants at the same day for at least 28 times from 1991 to 2007.[688]

Kidney matching was completed at an astonishing speed. As early as on Jan. 28, 2002, the surgeons in Urology of PLA 281 Hospital, including Jiang Wei, Yang Guangting, Ma Binggang, Liu Yanbin, Zu Qiang and Zhao Hongqi, carried out 7 cases of cadaveric renal allograft transplants.[689] An inpatient on Nov. 13, 2001, received the first surgery of kidney transplant on Jan. 28, 2002. After 7 days, on Feb. 4, 2002, "It is judged the transplanted kidney artery embolization," and they wanted to do a second transplant surgery. "With active preoperative preparation and contacting for kidney donor, matching appropriate kidneys", they removed the transplanted kidney, and re-transplanted on Feb. 5, 2002. The waiting time for the second kidney donor was only one day. The same process in other countries usually involves a wait of two to three years. This indicated the presence of a large live organ bank under the control of the army.

VIII. The Second Round of Hospitals for Liver and Kidney Transplant Licensed by Ministry of Health: Testimony

Most of the second round of hospitals for liver and kidney transplant licensed by Ministry of Health are provincial hospitals or affiliated hospitals of universities located in the province. Though the technology and quantity of transplant are not fully comparable with national transplant centers, the numbers of transplant are still formidable.

1. The People's Hospital of Shanxi Province

The People's Hospital of Shanxi Province is one of the largest hospitals in the province. Its heart, liver and pancreas-kidney transplant were the first in the province.[690] Xu Jun, who did postdoctoral practice from 2003 to 2004 at the Organ Transplant Center, University of Pittsburgh, systematically studied liver transplant surgery and perioperative treatment, under the guidance of Professor Tomas E. Starzl, "the Father of liver transplantation around the world". After returning to China, he started clinical liver transplantation that took the lead in the Shanxi province. He was in charge of a number of provincial liver transplantation research and carried in-depth study of immune tolerance to solid organ transplantation. He won a number of provincial honors and awards due to his outstanding contributions.[691]

2. The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University

The Organ Transplant Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University’s main focus is on liver transplantation. It is the only hospital in Dalian qualified to perform liver transplants approved by the Ministry of Health. The center started liver transplantation at the end of 2001 and since then it has completed liver, kidney, heart, pancreas-kidney and other types of transplants.[692] Wang Liming, vice president and the Director of the Organ Transplant Center, who has double doctoral degrees, "grasped new technologies in number of organ transplant clinical treatments, filled the blank area in Dalian and became leading position in domestic".[693] In 2006, within three months after the news exposure of live organ harvesting, transplant doctors went personally to take the donor liver, escorted by hospital vehicle, while patients in need of liver transplant were only required to pay 50,000 yuan of the donor liver cost.[694]

3. The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University finished 6 cases of multi-organ transplant in one day

The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University was the second round of hospitals for kidney and liver transplant licensed by Ministry of Health. Early in 1991, the hospital began to carry out leading kidney transplant in the province. From that point on, the hospital has been carrying out heart, liver, kidney, pancreas-kidney, bone marrow and corneal transplantation. The Organ Transplant Center has the most comprehensive transplant-related equipment and facilities of the province with matching equipment included. It has completed six organ transplants at the same time in one day. So far the hospital has carried out 20 cases of liver transplantation.[695] Meng Jianzhu, former Provincial Party Secretary and now CPC Central Political and Legal Committee, has always supported the hospital's transplant operation, even personally matchmaking to establish cooperative relations with the Shanghai Organ Transplant Center (First People's Hospital). [696]

4. Dongfeng General Hospital conducted 10 cases of kidney transplant at the same time

In 2009, the Organ Transplantation Research Center of Hubei University of Medicine was founded within this hospital.[697] The Department of Urinary Surgery regularly performs kidney transplants.[698] Since its foundation, the research center had invited experts such as Xia Suisheng from Tongji Medical College for instruction. The hospital is able to simultaneously perform 10 kidney transplants and 3 corneal transplants.[699] Yuan Fangjun, the hospital’s vice president, said “Currently, renal transplantation has become one of our regular surgeries, almost all our surgeons are able to independently complete kidney transplant.”[700]

5. Dalian Friendship Hospital conducted 5 liver and kidney transplants simultaneously

Dalian Friendship Hospital is the second round of hospitals for kidney transplant licensed by Ministry of Health. The kidney transplant ward of the hospital was established in November 1997, and independently performed its first kidney transplantation. In December 2001, the hospital performed the first liver transplantation in Dalian (simultaneously with another two hospitals). On February 1st, 2002, the hospital completed one liver transplant and 4 renal transplants within 14 hours. In March 2003, the hospital was approved by Dalian Health Bureau to establish Dalian Renal Transplantation Center. On November 10th 2003, the center performed the first combined liver-kidney transplant in Northeastern China.[701] Hu Zhilin, the center’s director and chief physician[702], serves as a committee member of State Academy of Organ Transplantation[703] and a professional board member in organ transplantation of Chinese Medical Association Liaoning Branch.[704] Hu had performed over 500 kidney transplants by 2006.[705]

6. The First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine has 50 beds for kidney transplant patients

The Kidney Disease Treatment Center, Urology Surgery and Kidney Transplantation, belong to the First Affiliated Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, offers medical, educational and teaching service. Compared to counterparts of other Grade-3, Class-A hospitals, this section has a relatively long history, a relatively large size and good technical strengths with some unique features and advantages. It's the second round of hospitals licensed by Ministry of Health for kidney transplant, and the kidney transplantation is a key subject in Henan clinical sciences. The department has 50 beds and over 30 nursing staff, and have developed a unique management style in urinary surgery and kidney transplantation.[706] Wang Guangce, a chief physician, professor and director of the department, serves as deputy commissioner in organ transplantation of Chinese Medical Association Henan Branch.[707] Wang has the experience of managing or performing over 1,400 cases of kidney transplants.[708]

7. Ningbo Yinzhou Second Hospital has a large number of kidney transplants

The establishment of Urology used to be part of Yinzhou People's Hospital, now it currently consists of four parts, which are the urology treatment center, urology consultation center, minimally invasive urology centers and Urology wards. It is the most comprehensive set of professionals and device configurations of Urology in Zhejiang Province. It is located three wards with 110 beds. There is a total of 23 doctors, including two chief physicians, 11 deputy chief physicians. In 1992, it conducted its first case of a kidney transplant, and has completed more than 1,000 cases of kidney transplantation at this time. The kidney transplantation scale ranks first in the country's similar hospitals, and the rate of long-term survival of patients and patient/graft survival are both in the domestic advanced level.[709]

8. Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University admitted to using Falun Gong practitioners' organs and coordinated kidney resources with Wuhan General Hospital in the Guangzhou Military Region

The institute of hepatobiliary disease was officially formed in Zhongnan Hospital in 2007, and approved by Wuhan University, which has a unique platform with the formation of basic and application. The institute carries out liver transplantation, kidney transplantation, pancreas transplantation, small intestine transplantation, kidney transplantation, liver transplantation from allogeneic liver cells, spleen cells and islet transplantation.[710] From 2002 to 2011, the hospital had 407 cases of liver donors, acute graft taken from brain death and acute cardiac death donors. In November 23, 2014, the Chinese human organ procurement organization Alliance was founded at Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University.[711] Ye Qifa (PhD, post-doctoral tutor), executive chairman of the Chinese human organ procurement organization union, is the hospital discipline academic leader, had worked in Hunan Xiangya Hospital, used to be leader of the key laboratory of organ transplants school for the Ministry of Education, currently being Director of Transplantation Medicine Engineering Research Center and chairman of the Technical Committee for Ministry of Health. He has carried out more than 600 cases of liver transplantation and more than 1300 cases of kidney transplantation.[712]

The hospital is suspected of organ harvesting from live Falun Gong Practitioners and has engaged in kidney swaps with the military hospital in Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region.

In April 2006, WOIPFG investigated the Second Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Medical University (now Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University):

Q : How are your kidney resources of Falun Gong prisoners how?

A: It should be said, it should be said well , or else you could ask the Army Headquarters…General Hospital of Guangzhou Military…

Q : Wait a minute…Guangzhou Military Region…

A: It's Wuhan General Hospital, with whom we have mutual transfers.[713]

9. Foshan First People's Hospital repeatedly completed seven kidney transplants in 24 hours

The Urology division of Foshan First People's Hospital has 64 beds, 2 directors, 6 deputy chief physicians, 6 doctors of chairman, 3 resident doctors, 15 nurses and 1 technician.[714] On December 29, 2005, the hospital completed seven kidney transplants at the same time.[715] On the morning of December 28, 2004 to the morning of December 29, 2004, the hospital completed five kidney transplants and two liver transplants in less than 24 hours.[716] The liver transplant center was established in June 1999, and has gained considerable influence as a transplant center in Guangdong Province, sending technical staff to the major transplant centers, as well as Hong Kong and other places, to pursue advanced studies.[717] From September 1989 to September 2002, all donors for kidney transplants, 122 cases, are brain-dead donors , aged 20 to 35 years old, no infection, no nausea or chronic liver tumor kidney disease, all HBsAg negative.[718]

There are some differences of transplant quantity between the second batch of local hospitals, so we divided them into three categories.

1) If the hospital has licenses for both kidney and liver transplants, we estimate 1,000 cases of kidney and liver transplant per year, which is half the number of the transplant cases of the national transplant centers.

2) If the hospital has a liver transplant license, we estimate 400-600 cases of liver transplant per year.

This number is also based on the report of the Radio Free Asia. In 2014, the RFA reported that Ms. Lin, the VP of a large company who just attended the 2014 World Organ Transplant Conference, had been paying close attention to the morale and ethical issues involved in China’s organ transplants. The actual number of organ transplants conducted in China each year is large, far more than the number of voluntary donors and organs from executed prisoners published by the government. She said, “I asked a liver transplant expert from China in person. His hospital performed 100 transplants in three months, and his hospital is not in one of those big cities. If this number multiplied by 50 transplant centers like this, then the number would be 18,000 cases each year.[719]

Figure 6.78 August 2014, Radio Free Asia webpage Cached

Yet the number of liver transplant centers in China far exceeds what Ms. Lin said. There are 80 liver transplant centers in China; the national level and the provincial level center are 35 and 45 respectively.[720] If 400 cases of liver transplants are done at a provincial level transplant center, and 1,000 cases at a larger center, then the total annual transplant number would be 51,000 cases. This is nearly the same as the accumulated sum of the past 15 years published by the CCP. It even surpassed half of the 90,000 cases we received from the additional time periods. Considering that the liver transplant techniques in China’s hospitals matured after 2004, the total liver transplant volume over the past decade could be as high as 500,000 cases.

As for the second round of hospitals for the liver transplant, the minimum of transplant take 400 cases and the maximum is 600 cases.

3) If the hospital is the second round of hospital for the kidney transplant, we give them the number 600-900 cases of kidney transplant per year, which is the difference between a dual license and a liver license.

IX. Examples of the large scale of organ transplantation in military and police hospitals or Tertiary Level Class A Hospitals that did not receive a license from the Ministry of Health

There are 408 transplantation centers in large military and local hospitals (mainly tertiary level class A, also name Third class Grade A). Many of them are located in township, county, and district level hospitals. But the majority of them are located in tertiary level class A hospitals. They include: 56 military and police hospitals, and 352 local tertiary level class A hospitals, which did not receive permission to engage in organ transplants.

Before live organ harvesting was exposed in 2006, the number of organ transplantations from small and medium transplantation institutions was comparable to that from the large institutions. The number of small and medium institutions accounted for up to 80%, while the large ones accounted for the remaining 20%. Even after the Chinese Ministry of Health introduced permission restrictions to enter the transplant business, many hospitals that failed to receive permissions did not stop such operations. Compared to large hospitals, these small or medium institutions are more flexible in their business. Tens of military and police hospitals are not restricted in any fashion, because they possess abundant source of donors. The total number of transplantations should not be underestimated.

1. Examples for 56 military or police hospitals that did not receive permission to engage in organ transplantations

Military and police hospitals are play major roles in live organ harvesting and many hospitals carry out large number of transplantations. However, in order to conceal this, only 43 hospitals were admitted to the list by the Ministry of Health. For example, there are 2 military hospitals which failed to enter the list yet still exceed 2,000 or 3,000 cases of transplant per year. The sum of 56 hospitals' transplants were up to 28-42 thousand cases per year during the peak time.

1.1 The PLA’s No. 254 Hospital’s kidney transplant program was Tianjin City’s first key leading medical program

In 1972, the hospital began its research in renal transplant and dialysis. In 1974, it started dialysis. In 1976, cadaveric renal transplantation began. It’s one of the nation’s earliest hospitals to start transplantation and dialysis treatment. Types of transplant includes autologous renal transplant, related living donor renal transplant, cadaveric renal transplant, combined liver and kidney transplant, combined pancreas kidney transplant, and combined kidney and adult islet cell transplant. By December 2009, the accumulated cases of renal transplantation reached 2012, and the annual transplant volume was 120 cases.[721]

1.2 PLA 264 Hospital had the reputation as the best kidney transplant center in Taiyuan

PLA 264 Hospital belongs to the Beijing Military Region in Shanxi Province. It is the largest of a set of general hospitals that leads in medical, teaching and scientific research alongside the Third Military Medical University, Bethune Military Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Shanxi Medical College, Shanxi Medical College.[722] It is considered the best kidney transplant center in Taiyuan because of its in-house experts and first-class equipment.[723]

1.3 PLA 205 Hospital is the largest organ transplant center in western Liaoning

Although this hospital didn't get a license from the Ministry of Health, it's the largest organ transplant center in western Liaoning. In May 23, 2006, there was a report, published by "Western Liaoning Daily" that the director of this center, Ren Chenrong, “completed 568 cases of kidney transplant, attracted patients from Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea, Malaysia and other places."

1.4 PLA 174 Hospital has the highest numbers of kidney transplants in southwestern Fujian area

The PLA 174 Hospital is a 3A comprehensive hospital.[724] Shiwei Chen, the Director of the Division of Urology at the Hospital, said that the 174 Hospital began to perform kidney transplants early in 1994 and the numbers of kidney transplants performed within the Hospital was the highest in southwestern Fujian area.[725]

1.5 PLA 251 Hospital

The Chinese people's liberation army (PLA) 251 Hospital is a 3A hospital. The Hospital has developed more than 300 new technologies and businesses including kidney transplant, liver transplant and cornea transplant. And organ transplant technologies are in line with the domestic and army’s advanced level.[726]

1.6 Bayi Children's Hospital Affiliated to Beijing Military Region General Hospital provides pediatric liver transplant surgery and claimed the surgical quality and numbers of surgery performed are both in line with the international advanced level

The hospital is the first Children’s comprehensive hospital of PLA.[727] With a large number of traditional surgeries performed, the Division of Pediatric Surgery brought in two specialties, minimally invasive surgery and liver transplant. The principal team members are those who perform minimally invasive surgery for children and pediatric liver transplant in the earliest stage in the country. The featured surgery is the pediatric liver transplant.[728] Huang Liuming, the director of the Department of Pediatric Surgery at Bayi Children’s Hospital, was involved in clinic Pediatric Surgery all year round. He is the first in China to perform minimally invasive surgery for children and pediatric liver transplant. The surgical quality and numbers of surgery performed are both in line with the international advanced level.[729]

1.7 The PLA 455 Hospital is one of the larger kidney transplant centers in Shanghai

The 455 Hospital of PLA is a 3A comprehensive hospital.[730] The Department of Nephrology at the Hospital is now Nanjing Military Region Nephrology Center. The Kidney Transplant Center is among those that first begin to perform transplants in Shanghai and has accumulated a lot of clinic experiences.[731] It was claimed on the website that hospitals which can perform kidney transplant in Shanghai include Shanghai People's Liberation Army Hospital 455 Hospitals, the second affiliated hospital to the second military medical university (Shanghai Changzheng Hospital), First People's Hospital of Shanghai, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical Center. These are all relatively large kidney transplant centers in Shanghai.[732]

1.8 The Hospital of Guangdong Armed Police corps

The Hospital of Guangdong Armed Police corps is a 3A comprehensive hospital.[733] Only Zhong Gening, Vice Senior Doctor with the Division of Organ Transplant at the Hospital has performed more than 500 kidney transplants.[734]

1.9 The Hospital of Anhui Armed Police corps

The Hospital of Anhui Armed Police corps is a 3A comprehensive hospital.[735] The hospital has performed almost 1,000 kidney transplant through allogenic and relative kidney donation.[736]

1.10 The Second Hospital of Beijing Armed Police Corps

The Second Hospital of Beijing Armed Police corps is a 3A comprehensive hospital.[737] The Division of Urology has kidney transplant program now. The Section of Urological Tumor has its own inpatient rooms. It also performs live kidney transplant and is dedicated to provide high quality kidney transplants.[738]

1.11 The PLA 201 Hospital

The PLA 201 Hospital is one of the first 3A hospitals ranked by the Ministry of Health.[739] According to Minghui.com, the Division of Urology at PLA’s 201 Hospital is the core department to perform kidney transplants. The main surgeon Zhen Changchun, who is also the Director of the Division of Urology, has performed 254 kidney transplants as of November 2007. He also trained many “transplant surgeons”. The Division of Urology earn more than 5 million RMB for the hospital annually.[740]

1.12 The Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Aviation Research Institution

Founded in 1951, formerly known as People’s Liberation Army 466 Hospital, the Hospital changed its name in January 2006. It was a 3A comprehensive hospital incorporating medical, education, research, medical training and health diagnosis.[741] There are more than 300 research staff and more than 600 clinic laboratory technicians. As of December 2011[742], the Urology Medical Center for Male, which performed kidney transplant in the early stage within the country, has performed hundreds of kidney transplants. The survival rates of the patients are in line with the domestic and army’s leading level.[743]

2. Examples for 352 Local 3A Hospitals which didn't get a license to perform transplants

We also found 352 local 3A hospitals were conducting transplant surgery, most of them located in large urban areas with advanced equipment and skilled surgeons.

2.1 Hunan People's Hospital ran a commercial ad promising to perform “20 cases of organ transplantations FREE”

In April 28, 2006, after the disclosure of live organ harvesting, the Hunan People's Hospital launched a commercial plan to give out “20 cases of free organ transplantations” (10 liver transplantations and 10 kidney transplantations), which were inserted in the media such as Sina news center.

This created public suspicion about the source of organs. After that, the media reported that the source of organ would come from family members.[744]

Figure 6.79 Hunan People's Hospital’s ad to give out '20 free organ transplant operations'

The department of hepatobiliary surgery[745] in Hunan People's Hospital was known as one of the pioneers of Chinese hepatobiliary and pancreatic diseases. Established in 1983, it has developed into 268 beds, eight wards, and nearly 200 staff members. It's one of several Hepatobiliary hospitals with a set of medical, teaching and research, and is a unit of the Hunan Medical Association Professional Committee and national continuing medical education base. The postdoctoral institute of Hepatobiliary after 2008 was established with the China-U.S., China-France hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery collaborating centre in 2009. The Hunan Hepatobiliary Hospital has an annual outpatient count of over 10,000 visits and inpatient count of over 6,000 visits.

Its organ transplant center has successfully implemented the first case of orthotopic liver transplantation in Hunan Province[746], which remains as the record of the longest survival. Now the center is carrying out a variety of routine liver, kidney transplant surgery, including operating on end stage liver disease and kidney disease. In 2005, the center successfully carried out transplants in patients with advanced cirrhosis of the liver. Li Zhuo, Vice President and professor, has a Doctor degree for surgery, and is highly skilled at liver and kidney transplant.

2.2 Kunming Hospital of Nephropathy is a division of The Kunming Organ Transplant Center and conducted eight kidney transplants in one night

Kunming Hospital of Nephropathy is an organ transplant center in Yunnan province, specializing in kidney and liver transplantation. It has hired Xia Suisheng (China’s organ transplantation founder) as honorary president, and Gao Wei (Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University professor and kidney transplantation specialist) as president of operations. It claims to have national-level specialists and a professional nursing team. In addition, it has sent 16 medical staff members to the U.S., Australia, Japan and Wuhan Tongji Hospital to study and established business cooperation with various large general hospitals. The hospital has over 110 staff, with 100 beds, attracting patients from over 10 countries and regions, including Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan, Australia, Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Vietnam.

Guan Delin, former vice president and director of urology medical center of the First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University and deputy director of Beijing Organ Transplanting Center, was also hired by Kunming hospital of nephropathy with a high salary. Along with Li Guobin, his former student and the director of the hospital, they founded the kidney transplantation division. On May 26, 2006, when Guan was consulted by an investigator, he said that he had operated 8 kidney transplant surgeries last night. His personal website claims that he has completed over 2,700 kidney transplants and several dozen combined organ transplants.[747]

2.3 Dongguan (Humen) Taiping People Hospital is a township hospital[748] with an unusual number of organ transplants; the organs are suspected to have been sourced through Nanfang Hospital and Kunming Forensic Hospital – and both hospitals with ties to the military

Dongguan (Humen) Taiping People Hospital performs kidney and liver transplants. It had performed over 3,000 cases of kidney transplants by 2007.[749] The hospital performed more than 300 cases of kidney transplantation during the first three months of 2006, the total number of transplants in the previous year.[750] Taiping People’s Hospital hired Gao Wei, professor at Zhujiang Hospital of Southern Medical University, as director.[751] Gao is a recipient of State Council’s special allowance for experts, an editorial board member of Chinese Journal of Organ Transplantation, a committee member of Chinese Dialysis & Transplant Association, and he also serves as vice president of the Kunming Kidney Disease Hospital. Most of this hospital’s surgeons are also retired professors from Zhujiang Hospital. For example, Li Jie, retired professor from Zhujiang Hospital, participated in more than 4,000 cases of kidney transplantation and more than 50 cases of liver transplantation.[752] The hospital has also helped several hospitals in Kunming to set up kidney transplant centers and to provide technical support to them. In return, Taiping People’s Hospital has obtained a large number of donor organs from Kunming.[753]

The hospital has been actively recruiting patients in Southeast Asia. According to Taiwanese newspaper “Min Sheng Daily” reported on January 9, 2004, “Taiwan kidney exchange group ‘lands’ (on mainland China) every month. Guangdong Dongguan Taiping People’s Hospital is one of them, and it is famous for kidney transplants.” The hospital “has performed kidney transplants for 425 patients from more than 10 countries and regions, such as South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Vietnam, Hong Kong and Taiwan.”[754]

2.4 Yantai City Yantai Hill Hospital used living persons as donors

Yantai City Yantai Hill Hospital is a tertiary level hospital.[755] It has carried out a large number of surgeries, including laparoscopic urology, other minimally invasive surgery, and resectoscope renal transplant. They claim that their treatments of acute renal transplant rejection and complications have reached an advanced level. Currently, the treatments of kidney transplant patients are living with a healthy kidney, and, with all indicators in the normal range, many have gone back to work.[756] Zhang Haiying, Yantai Hill Hospital’s deputy chief physician of Urology of kidney transplant surgery and treatment of acute and chronic rejection, is an expert in these areas.[757]

The hospital routinely sources from living human beings as this dialogue with the Yantai Hill Hospital Urology Director demonstrates:[758]

Q: "Are you Director Zhang?"

Answer: "Yes, what can I do for you?"

Q: "My brother wants a kidney transplant, can your hospital do it?"

A: "Yes, just come."

Q: "I heard there will be a living kidney?"

Answer: “all of them are.”

Q: "So after a kidney is taken out, the donor is going to die?"

A :(laughs) "You do not understand this."

Q: "How much?"

A: "70,000."

Q: "Will the surgery be immediately after the patient comes? “

A: "First check the blood. Once a match is found, it will be very soon."

This is a dialogue with the Yantai Hill Hospital's Urology Zhang Haiying

Urology Director: Zhang Haiying Mobile No.: 13964591510

2.5 Dongguan People's Hospital

Dongguan People’s Hospital is a 3A hospital[759] and was founded in 1995. The Division of Urology began to perform organ transplant in 1993, which include cadaveric kidney transplants, living donor kidney transplants and pancreas-kidney transplants.[760] In 2004, The hospital was issued a Grade A qualification for its kidney transplant program in Guangdong Province. Chief Director Mi Qiwu, was involved in more than 500 kidney transplants, performed more than 300 kidney transplants, was involved in more than 50 pancreas-kidney transplants, and performed one pancreas-kidney transplant.[761]

2.6 Beijing Tongren Hospital

In January 2002, Tongren hospital director Guo Mei of the transplant center inaugurated the practice of liver transplants, living relative partial liver transplants and kidney transplants. Guo Mei established the transplant center and a team to perform transplants.[762] They claimed that within one year the center had performed dozens of kidney transplants with 100% success rate. Guo Mei studied overseas and then went back to China. Beijing Tongren Transplant Center claims to be capable of performing many kinds of organ transplants with a focus on liver and kidney transplants. Half of the doctors in the center have a PhD degree and the others have master degrees. They are Guo Mei, Yan Wei, Gao Xia, Yang Bozhao.[763] Beijing Tongren hospital transplant center currently can perform a kidney transplant, liver transplant, living relative partial liver transplant, eye cornea transplant, islet cell transplant, pancreas transplant, pancreas and kidney transplant, heart transplant, heart and lung transplant, spleen transplant, spleen sheet transplant, small intestine transplant, parathyroid transplant and hepatocyte transplant.[764]

2.7 Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University

This is a Third Tier Grade A general hospital.[765] At the beginning of 2004, staff with experience in kidney transplants were hired, while Xuanwu hospital management combined urology and kidney transplantation into one department and joined research efforts with the university. Xuanwu hospital’s urology department has the following urology and kidney transplant staff: Sun Yucheng, Xu Jianjun, Au Tongwen, Li Jin, Zhang Yi, Wang Jian.[766]

2.8 Two affiliated hospitals of Tsinghua University

Huaxin hospital (Tsinghua’s first affiliated hospital) and Yuquan hospital (Tsinghua’s second affiliated hospital), the two affiliated hospitals of Tsinghua University used to be the staff hospitals of Ministry of Information Industry. They became affiliated with Tsinghua University on April 2003. Tsinghua’s First Affiliated hospital hired heart surgeon Wu Qingyu and urologist and kidney transplant doctor Guan Delin and began a heart center and a urology center.[767] Tsinghua’s first affiliated hospital urology department was established in April 2004.[768] In just over a year, the number of kidney transplants ranked among the top hospitals in China, performing pancreas-kidney transplants, kidney transplants for intestinal neobladder patients, kidney transplants for the youngest and oldest patients in the country and high risk kidney transplants. It is claimed that the survival rate for patients rank at the top of the nation.[769]

2.9 Urology Medical Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University

Guan Delin, the deputy director of the hospital and professor, is well-known in the urology and kidney transplant field. He is the director for the center and the director for urology. The center also established overseas Chinese Society for Organ Transplantation Beijing Office and Institute of Organ Transplant at Tsinghua University First Affiliated Hospital. It claims to have reached advanced levels in the country for its allogeneic kidney transplants, pancreas and islet cell transplant, prevention and treatment of chronic rejection after kidney transplant and various blood purification therapies. Since the center was established, there have been large number of patients going there for treatments and receiving kidney transplants.[770]

2.10 Beijing Ditan Hospital. The Affiliated Hospital of Capital Medical University (formerly known as Beijing First Infectious Diseases Hospital)

Capital Medical University Affiliated Hospital is a Third Tier Grade A hospital.[771] In May 29, 2005, it established a rehabilitation center for liver transplant. The center hired Zhuang Hui, a known entity in liver disease treatment field, and professor Shen Zhongyang and professor Shi Bingyi (with liver transplant experience) as visiting directors.[772] In 2004, the hospital started performing liver transplants.[773] The hospital also set up liver transplant rehabilitation center in Beijing to resolve problems after liver transplants for over 400 patients from Beijing, Shandong, Hebei, Shanxi.[774]

2.11 Jinan Friendship Blood Purification Center

Jinan Central Hospital and the United States Baxter medical supply company jointly established the city's first joint venture medical institution- Jinan Friendship Blood Purification Center.[775] To address patients with kidney disease, it founded the Friendship Jinan Central Hospital's Nephrology Center. On the organ transplant front, Jinan City Blood Purification Center performed kidney transplant, pancreas-kidney transplant, liver transplant and vascular grafts. In Shandong Province, this hospital is the most comprehensive in terms of organ transplants.[776]

2.12 Shenzhen People's Hospital

In 1994, Shenzhen People's Hospital is the first "Third Tier Grade A" hospital in Shenzhen City[777] and by 2004 it was ranked class A in kidney transplant, class A in liver transplant and class B in heart transplant in Guangdong Province. "Shenzhen People's Hospital Organ Transplant Center" was established in January 2003. The center was made up of the "Organ Transplant Laboratory", ICU, liver transplantation unit, kidney transplant unit and heart-lung transplant unit. This center stands out as one of the more rapidly developing centers in Guangdong Province.[778]

2.13 Guangdong Provincial Chinese Medicine Hospital (Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Second Clinical Medical Institute, Guangdong Province Chinese Pharmaceutical Sciences Institute)

Guangdong Provincial Chinese Medicine Hospital expanded to take charge the following: Dade Road Main Hospital, Ershadao Hospital, Fangcun Hospital (Guangzhou Charity Hospital), Zhuhai Hospital, five Third Tier hospitals in University City Hospital, and a Chinese medicine general hospital in Guangdong that has three separate inpatient clinics Xiatang, Tianhe and Luo Chong Wai.[779] South China Organ Transplant Center was established in April 12, 2004 on the 14th floor (4 surgical departments). Since the establishment of the center, it regularly performed liver, kidney and pancreas transplants and plans to carry out heart transplants.[780]

2.14 Tianjin Third Central Hospital

Tianjin Third Central Hospital is a Third Tier general hospital.[781] The Dialysis Transplantation Center is considered as the municipal’s high-tech base. Its kidney transplantation and application of blood purification technology is considered top tier in the country.[782] The Tianjin City Third Central Hospital, Department of Urology performed kidney transplants.[783] From October 1999 to July 2002, there were 395 kidney transplant recipients receiving tissue type matching in the Tianjin Blood Center.[784]

2.15 Guangzhou First People Hospital

Guangzhou First People Hospital was among the first batch to be assessed as Third Tier Grade A hospital in Guangdong province by the Ministry of Health in 1993.[785] The hospital was a Guangzhou city level hospital that started a relatively early practice in organ transplants. It completed the first case of a kidney transplant in 1992, its first case of heart transplant in 1998 and its first case of a liver transplant in 2001. It was promulgated in 2004 by Guangdong Province as class A hospital in kidney transplant, class B in liver transplant and heart transplant. It hired Zheng Keli, He Xiaoshun, Zhu Xiaofeng from First Affiliated Hospital of Zhongshan University as technical advisers.[786]

2.16 Tianyou Hospital Affiliated with Wuhan University of Science and Technology University

Tianyou Hospital Affiliated with Wuhan University of Science and Technology University is also named Wuhan Railway Central Hospital. It's a general hospital affiliated with a university that combined medical, teaching, research and prevention, and a national-level Third Tier hospital.[787] By the end of 2000, the Wuhan Railway Central Hospital had more than 300 organ transplant cases.[788] It was one of first three earliest hospitals that started kidney transplants in Wuhan City.[789]

2.17 Xingtai City People's Hospital

Xingtai City People's Hospital is a “Third Tier” hospital.[790] Chen Shubo is currently the director of this Hospital. In 1998, it first performed the first kidney transplant in Hebei Province when there was no organ transplant service in the province and city of Xingtai. It has independently completed more than 300 cases of kidney transplant. It claimed the survival rate to be more than 97% and it led the kidney transplant profession and academic research locally. It covered patients from Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin, Shandong, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia and Jilin.[791]

2.18 Shijiazhuang City First Hospital (People's Hospital Affiliated with Hebei Medical University)

Shijiazhuang City First Hospital (People's Hospital Affiliated with Hebei Medical University) is a Third Tier Grade A general hospital.[792] The hospital founded the Shijiazhuang Institute of Organ Transplant and was the earliest organ transplant organization in Hebei Province. The institute was fully equipped, including organ transplant type matching laboratories, a transplant surgical ward and a transplant vehicle fleet. The Institute can now perform liver transplants, kidney transplants (including live donor kidney transplantation), heart transplant, pancreas transplant, corneal transplant, and hematopoietic stem cell transplant.[793] Li Yonghui is the deputy physician director of the Institute of Organ Transplantation at Shijiazhuang City First Hospital. It has completed more than 30 cases of liver transplant and more than 110 cases of kidney transplants.[794] On July 17th, within 10 hours, Shijiazhuang City First Hospital three specialties and urology claim to have completed five cases of kidney transplantation surgery.[795] Hebei Medical University First Hospital claims to have developed technologies to carry out the earliest and the largest number of kidney transplants for the province.[796]

2.19 Guangdong Province Farming Development Center Hospital

Guangdong Province Farming Development Center Hospital is a large-scale national-level general hospital.[797] Kidney transplant was first performed in the Guangdong province western region.[798] In 2003 the hospital received class A assessment for kidney transplant technology project from the Guangdong Provincial Medical Association.[799]

2.20 Nantong City Third People's Hospital

Nantong City Third People's Hospital is a Third Tier hospital.[800] It has both the Tianjin First Central Hospital Organ Transplant Research Center and Nantong Kidney Transplant Center and it routinely conducts liver and kidney transplants.[801]

2.21 Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing Chinese Medicine University

Dongzhimen Hospital of Beijing Chinese Medicine University is a Third Tier Chinese medicine hospital.[802] It was established in 2003 for the purpose of kidney transplantion.[803]

2.22 Nanyang City Chinese Medicine Hospital (Nanyang City Zhongjing State Hospital)

Nanyang City Chinese Medicine Hospital (Nanyang City Zhongjing State Hospital) is a Third Tier Grade A Chinese Medicine Hospital.[804] The general surgical department contains "Nanyang Tongji Hepatobiliary Surgery, Organ Transplant Center." It has a long term cooperative relationship with Wuhan Tongji Medical University and Hunan Xiangya Medical University. It performs different kinds of difficult surgeries and kidney transplants.[805] The hospital hired key surgical staff from Ministry of Education, Ministry of Health Organ Transplant Center, and doctoral advisor professor Ye Qifa as consultants. It has performed an unknown number of liver and kidney transplants.[806]

2.23 Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University

The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University is a provincial level Third Tier general hospital.[807] The hospital’s hemodialysis and kidney transplants began in May 2011[808] and it claims to have completed thousands of cases of kidney transplants.[809] It started relatively early in providing liver transplants for the province, performing different kinds of liver transplants for patients with late-stage cirrhosis, liver cancer, sclerosing cholangitis and wilson's disease.[810]

2.24 Anqing City First People's Hospital

Anqing City First People's Hospital is a Third Tier Grade A general hospital.[811] It started kidney transplants in 1977 and has completed more than 1,000 kidney transplants.[812] It has also performed difficult liver transplants since 1993 and in 1994, it performed the province's first pancreas-kidney transplant.[813]

2.25 Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital

Shengli Oilfield Central Hospital is a Third Tier Grade A hospital. In October 1999 it performed its first successful kidney transplant. Currently the hospital can perform a large number of kidney transplants simultaneously. For example, on April 26, 2002, it conducted 6 kidney transplants within 24 hours. On October 27, 2002, it conducted 5 kidney transplants and one liver transplant within 24 hours. From 2004 January 9 to 12, it conducted 10 kidney transplants and one liver transplant in 3 days. It ranks high in the province in terms of cadaveric kidney transplant, living donor kidney transplant, autotransplant, kidney transplant from relative and pediatric kidney transplant.[814]

X. The odd case of the unlicensed small and medium transplant centers

The 153 transplant centers of this series belong to the Third Level 2nd Class hospitals or Second Level hospitals. A few are small-sized private hospitals and district hospitals. The majority of the transplant business apparently focuses on kidney transplantation which has lower technical requirements. According to our survey, the number of transplant is surprisingly substantial in these hospitals, ranging up to 100 cases per year.

Prior to 2007, when the Ministry of Health approved and designated organ transplant centers, some province were also engaged in organ transplant certification with the standard of qualification for kidney transplant hospitals operating under the understanding that “the minimum is 50 cases per year". For example, Guangdong Provincial Health Department issued a qualified hospital for organ transplantation in 2003.[815] The minimum amount of annual kidney transplant was 50 cases. During September to December, 47 hospitals of different sizes received the liver and kidney transplantation qualification (including 30 hospitals with kidney transplant only). If we took each hospital 20-50 cases of transplant per year, we could estimate the amount of 153 hospitals' transplantation is approximately 3,060 ~ 7,650 cases (153×20~153×50).

1. Medium Size transplant centers performed organ transplants without licenses

Most of the medium Size transplant center belonged to the Third Level 2nd Class hospitals or Second Level hospitals.

1.1 Xi'an High-tech District Hospital performed more than 500 transplants in two years

Xi'an High-tech District Hospital is a joint venture hospital with an English management company and is a Third Level Hospital in China. The organ transplant center was established in 2003, but didn't receive a license from the Ministry of Health. Yet the chief resident expert was Shi Bingyi, from PLA 309 Hospital which attracted large number of patients, including foreigners. In the first two years, the hospital conducted more than 500 cases of kidney transplant. Center deputy Ren Fanyu said that there was a huge organ donor pool behind the hospital and they could ensure using the donor in a very short time, which had attracting overseas transplant cooperation:[816] "No matter hot or cold, 4 - 5 surgeons stayed in a dilapidated van and excised organ for use" and "there was one record of 7 - 8 transplants surgery in one day and one night".[817]

1.2 Guangzhou Development District Hospital

Guangzhou Development District Hospital is a Second Level hospital run by the Guangzhou Development Zone[818] which built an organ transplant and blood purification center.[819] Lin Min, the director of Organ Transplantation, personally conducted nearly 2,600 cases of kidney transplant, 25 cases of liver transplant and 3 cases of combined pancreas and kidney transplant.[820] Min was the former director of organ transplantation and blood purification center belonging to the Zhujiang Hospital of the First Military Medical University.[821]

1.3 Changde City Third People Hospital

Changde City Third People Hospital is a Second Tier Hospital. The Center of Organ Transplantation took the lead in carrying out kidney transplants in north and west Hunan province and became number one in the province.[822] In August 2004, The Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University decided to set up a branch hospital of the Xiangya Transplant Medical School, and hired Tang Faqi, Fu Rumu, and three other experts as adjunct professors at this school. Ye Qifa from the Research Institute of Xiangya Transplant Hospital went to the branch hospital many times to give lectures and guide clinical case studies. Yang Wanming, director of Kidney Transplant Center Examination Department went to Guangzhou three times to observe and study the techniques of tissue matching. The hospital purchased the necessary equipment and was able to start matching within six months. By 2006, they not only matched more than 600 cases of patients at their hospital, but also conducted more than 130 matches for affiliated institutions. [823]

1.4 Taizhou City People Hospital

Taizhou City People Hospital is a common municipal hospital. However, the hospital’s doctor Niu Tianli has completed more than 300 kidney transplants[824] and he is the chief surgeon, professor and head of Urology Department in this hospital.[825]

1.5 Qixia City People Hospital

Qixia City People Hospital is a comprehensive Second Tier Top Hospital.[826] The Urology Department of this hospital has conducted more than 210 cases of kidney transplants.[827]

1.6 Weihai City Hospital

Weihai City Hospital is a modern comprehensive Third Tier hospital.[828] The hospital is trying to reach international transplantation standards and has already established a Bone Marrow Transplant Center, Heart Transplant Center, Liver Transplant Center, Kidney Transplant Center, Lung Transplant Center and Cornea Transplant Center. The first liver transplant and heart transplant were completed in September 2005.[829]

1.7 Zhucheng City People Hospital

Zhucheng City People Hospital is a Second Tier Top Hospital.[830] They completed the first kidney transplant of Weifang City in 1997, and carried out the first liver transplant in Shandong Province in 2000.[831] In the past few years, Zhucheng City People Hospital established new services such as liver transplants, kidney transplants and cornea transplants.[832]

1.8 Yantai Wanhua Hospital claims that their donor kidneys come from labor camps and prisons

Wanhua Hospital is a very small hospital in Yantai City, according to the report published on the Minghui website in June 23, 2007. But it also claimed an expertise in urology surgery, and that in recent years, “we have successfully conducted more than 200 cases of kidney transplants for patients with uremia”. [833] When a reporter from Sound of Hope radio station called Wanhua Hospital, they were told that the donor kidneys come from labor camps and prisons, “We get the kidneys by contacting the court in various districts, not just us, all hospitals have it. Our [kidneys] are allocated by the central government, but we have to ask for them.” [834] Guo Tongben, former director of Yuhuangding Hospital Urology Department and professor, is currently the director of outpatient services and administration for Wanhua Hospital. Up until May 2009,[835] Wanhua Hospital has completed more than 300 allogenic kidney transplants and more than ten kidney transplants with living donors (i.e. the donors are the patients’ relatives). [836]

1.9 Zibo City Linzi District People Hospital

Zibo City Linzi District People Hospital is a secondary level hospital[837] but the kidney transplant has become one of their routine surgeries.[838]

1.10 Jimo City People Hospital

Jimo City People Hospital is a comprehensive secondary level hospital.[839] In 2000, it collaborated with People Hospital of Peking University and the PLA General Hospital of the Beijing Region to develop special projects including kidney and liver transplantation. The former filled up the gaps in the field of organ transplantation,[840] and the latter has carried out two cases of liver transplants since the department was established.[841]

1.11 Qingdao Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital of Shandong Province

In 1995, after being approved by the state, Qingdao Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital became a three-level Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital.[842] The hospital failed to meet qualification standards from the Ministry of Health in 2007. The hospital subsequently hired two senior surgeons of kidney transplant and since that time the hospital has achieved significant results in either pre-operative/perioperative or postoperative anti-rejection therapy. So far there have been more than 550 cases of kidney transplant, which exceeded the maximal 500 cases issued by the Ministry of Health. In 2006, it had performed one case of combined liver and kidney transplantation and one combined pancreas and kidney transplantation in 2007.[843]

1.12 Tangshan Iron and Steel Group Co., Ltd. Hospital

Tangshan Iron and Steel Group Co., Ltd. Hospital is a secondary level hospital and the non-membership Affiliated Hospital of Hebei United University.[844] The urology department also acts as the kidney transplant and dialysis center for Tangshan City. Since its inception in August 2000, this center has successfully carried out more than 100 cases of kidney transplantation in three years. It claims to be the number one in kidney transplant in Hebei province.[845]

1.13 Shijiazhuang Hospital of Nephropathy

Shijiangzhuang Hospital of Nephropathy is a new modern nephropathy agency combining medical treatment, teaching and scientific research. And it is one of the largest hospitals with complete facilities and abundant medical resources.[846] In 2003, it conducted first kidney transplant, and it has completed hundreds of cases of kidney transplant until now. At present, there almost 300 patients with kidney disease have recovered in this center. The transplant recipients are from all over the country including some from Indonesia and Malaysia.[847]

1.14 Gong'an County People Hospital

Gong'an County People Hospital is a tertiary level general hospital.[848] The Urology department is conducting uremic kidney transplantation. It has completed hundreds of cases of kidney transplant operations.[849]

1.15 Gaozhou City People Hospital (Gaozhou Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University)

Gaozhou City People Hospital has been a secondary level hospital since Sep. 1993.[850] It has completed more than 100 kidney transplants.[851] On June 14, 2004, it carried out the first cases of liver transplant in Guangdong western region[852] and on July 18, 2004, it completed one case of liver transplantation.[853]

1.16 Yiyang City People Hospital

Yiyang City People Hospital was assessed as a "secondary level hospital” by the Ministry of Health in 1994.[854] It claimed that the surgeons, nurses, and inspectors in the kidney transplant department are the backbone of the hospital, and have passed national organ transplant professional training. The hospital has Human HLA gene typing and blood concentration detection equipment, currently the most advanced in China. Collaborating with the PLA General Hospital and the Affiliated Hospital of First Military Medical University, the hospital says: "we perform a comprehensive examination in advance, and follow with strict monitoring to ensure the matching donor kidney with the most suitable quality."[855]

1.17 Zhenzhou Third People Hospital

Zhenzhou Third People Hospital is a secondary level hospital[856] which failed to pass a qualification audit by Ministry of Health in 2007. The Urology department has a kidney transplant blood purification center and organ transplantation laboratory. It is the first to carry out blood purification, allogeneic kidney transplant in the province.[857] So far, it has completed more than 1,500 kidney transplants.[858]

1.18 Space Center Hospital (also named the Peking University School of Space-Center Clinical Medicine)

Space Center Hospital is a tertiary level hospital.[859] The Urology Surgery department can perform kidney transplants, and shares experts with the PLA General Hospital (301 Hospital) of Beijing Region, First Hospital and Third Hospital of Peking University, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Beijing Cancer Hospital, and Beijing Union Medical College Hospital.[860]

The hospital claimed in a few years, it completed hundreds of cases of liver and kidney transplants.[861] The urinary disease treatment center consists of urology, organ transplantation, nephrology and hemodialysis.[862]

1.19 Beijing Haidian Hospital

Beijing Haidian Hospital is a secondary level hospital.[863] In November 2003, Han Xiu-wu became the director of kidney transplantation in this hospital[864] and by September 2005, the hospital had completed more than 100 kidney transplants.[865] In April 2004, the hospital carried out its first liver transplants. It also claims that it continues to carry out heart, lung, pancreas, intestines and other organ transplants, and eventually will form a multi-organ transplant center.[866]

1.20 Luoyang City People Hospital

Luoyang City People Hospital is a secondary level hospital.[867] The Urology department has a "kidney transplant center”, which carried out the first kidney transplantation in Western Henan Province in 1990. After entering the 21st century, its kidney transplantation capabilities underwent rapid development and ranked at the top of kidney transplants in Henan province.[868]

1.21 Ningxia Armed Police Corps Hospital

Ningxia Armed Police Corps Hospital is a three B level hospital[869]. The Kidney Transplantation Blood Purification Center was established in April 2003, with a separate division for a kidney transplant ward. The hospital has special equipment for organ harvesting and drugs for organ preservation.[870] It has now completed over a hundred kidney transplants.[871]

1.22 Guangdong Public Security Frontier Corps Hospital (also named Shenzhen Police Corp Frontier Hospital)

Guangdong Public Security Frontier Corps Hospital is a secondary level hospital.[872] The hospital has a kidney transplant center.[873] On August 3, 2004, this hospital completed six cases of kidney transplantation within 11 hours.[874]

1.23 Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital

Jiangxi Armed Police Corps Hospital is a three B level general hospital.[875] In February 2002, it built an organ transplant center under the Urology department.[876] Over two years, the center performed 260 cases of kidney transplant, including the completion of four consecutive kidney patients within 8 hours.[877]

2. Small-sized transplant centers performed organ transplants without licenses

There are some hospitals without a license, such as Chinese medicine hospital, Maternal and Child Care Service Centre, Forensic Hospital, Specialty hospital, which also entered the field of transplantation. Because of the huge potential profits associated with organ transplantation, they are also trying to conduct transplant surgery.

2.1 Kunming Forensic Hospital

Kunming Forensic Hospital is one of the earliest hospitals to conduct forensic identification of injuries.[878] It is also one of the first hospitals to use lethal injection. While this hospital has no equipment or in-house skills in organ transplantation through the collaboration with the Tai Ping People Hospital in Dongwan City, from 2001 to 2008, this hospital has completed several thousand cases of matching tissue and blood type for organ transplants[879] and the hospital has performed 1,537 cases of kidney transplant.[880]

On December 2006, Kau Yuan magazine had reported, a university student unexpectedly received an invitation letter for a free kidney transplant from this hospital on May 18, 2006. On May 29, the head of the hospital, Wang Jun, and GaoWei, performed transplant surgery on the student.[881]

In Xi’an Jiaotong University, the National Discipline of characterize Kunming Forensic Hospital with these words: “The kidney department is the main source of income in Kunming Forensic Hospital, and they predominately do kidney transplants. Due to the abundance of kidney sources, they perform most of the kidney transplants in Yuan Nan Province.”[882]

2.2 Weifung Ren De Hospital

Weifung Ren De Hopstial is located in Wei Fung city's high-tech development district, in Shandong province. This hospital was a private hospital with 20 staff members, but in recent years they began participating in kidney transplants.[883] The head of the hospital Liu Zong Jiang left his prior position as a specialist of urology at Wei Fung people's hospital. In 1995, he started the Ren De hospital. Later, this hospital brought in the advanced management skills of organ transplant from Pittsburg University, and collaborated with the affiliated hospital of Capital Medical University. It has done the majority of kidney transplants in Wei Fung city, and also ranks competitively in Shandong Province.[884] From 1999 to 2004, this hospital had done more than a thousand tissue matches for organ transplants.[885]

Before the 2006 Chinese Lunar New Year, a kidney was sold for 30,000 RMB, plus the operating fee of 65,000 RMB. Later the kidney price rose to 50,000 RMB. The surgeons said that the kidneys came from young healthy individuals. Surgeon Tsui said, “Don't look at the size of our hospital. It is small but we specialized in kidney transplants. We did the most kidney transplants because we have the most kidney resources. The kidney sources came from everywhere around the nation. They are the most fresh, leaving the living body within 24 hours … absolutely the greatest quality.” The hospital patients come from Zhibo, WuLian, Rizhao, Qingdao, Heilongjian, TianJing, and Jia musi.

2.3 Gong Yi City Chinese Medical Hospital

Gong Yi City Chinese Medical Hospital is located in Gongyi City under Zhengzhou City, Henan Province. It's a Chinese Herbal hospital and also started a kidney transplant center in 2001. Their capacity is large enough to simultaneously accomodate 12 kidney transplant patients, and their record is performing eight transplants in one day. Up until the 2006, director of urology department Li Hongdao had performed more than 500 kidney transplants.[886]

2.4 Laixi City Second People Hospital

Laixi City Second People Hospital was called Laixi Mental Disease Hospital in the 1980s. In the 1990s, the scale of this hospital was smaller than the local town hospital.[887] Now it is a comprehensive hospital[888] and kidney transplantation is an important component of the hospital’s services. In 2001, Laixi Hospital joined forces with Oriental Trading Co. of Canada, and invested 40 million RMB to set up a kidney transplant center.[889] Each year, patients from inside and outside of China come to the center for dialysis and kidney transplant. They have completed more than 100 kidney transplants in the past few years. This hospital has close connections with other institutions throughout the country, which guarantees a supply of donor kidneys.[890]

2.5 Qidu Hospital (Linzi District Maternity and Child Care Hospital in Zibo City)

In 2000, Qidu Hospital was awarded the title “Second Tier A class of Maternity and Children Care Hospital” by Health Department of Shangdong Province, the first county level hospital to receive such an honor.[891] Li Dayue is the vice chief surgeon and head of Urology Department at Qidu Hospital. He has conducted more than 300 kidney transplants.[892] In July 2005, he finished four cases of kidney transplants within ten days[893], and another record was set when four cases of kidney transplants were completed from 3am to 9am on March 23, 2006.[894]

XI. Some Factors used in the calculating the number of Falun Gong practitioners slaughtered for their organs

In the following section we will explain some factors which should be considered in estimating the number of Falun Gong Practitioners slaughtered for their organs.

1. The percentage of kidney transplant is about 76.9%

Using the accumulated statistics in chapter 5, we have investigated 712 websites of Chinese Mainland hospitals and most of the Health Journal articles. After appending the missing yearly data, we came to this conclusion: From 2000 to Dec. 2014, the accumulated number of liver and kidney transplants is 401,678 cases (including 309,031 cases of kidney transplant and 92,647 cases of liver transplant). The proportion of kidney transplants is 76.9% and liver transplants are 23%.

2. The proportion of two kidneys being used simultaneously is less than 50%

Each person has two kidneys, but seldom are two kidneys used for transplantation at the same time. There are some factors leading the ratio of usage less than 100%:

1) Restricted by “cold ischemia time”, the excised organ has to be used soon.

In organ transplant surgeries, an excised organ must be stored in a special nutrient solution as soon as possible, otherwise it cannot be used. Moreover, a surgery must be done within the effective cold ischemia time. There is no such thing as storing an organ for future use. Cold ischemia time refers to the time between the chilling of an organ after its blood supply has been reduced or cut off and the time it is warmed by having its blood supply restored.[895] At present, the cold ischemia time for kidneys cannot exceed 24 hours, that of livers cannot be more than 15 hours, and hearts must be less than six hours.[896]

2) Donors’ detention, matching, cut-off and transplant are completed regionally

Unlike the United States, China does not have a Network for Organ Sharing (referred to as UNOS). Since donors come from executed prisoners, tissue typing is conducted within a small area or locally, which inevitably leads to low rates of two-kidney simultaneous matches. The waste is built-in.

The following incidents show the regional nature of organ allocation:

The Three Northeastern Provinces Organ Alliance was established in February 2006. On March 2, 2006, Xinhua News Agency published a report titled “Three Northeastern Provinces Organ Alliance Ushered in its First Beneficiary”. At that time, the Alliance was founded less than one month.[897]

On September 28, 2005, Huang Jiefu, Vice-Minister at the Ministry of Health, conducted an autologous liver transplant on a liver cancer patient, Yao Shufa, at the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, by using two living donor livers as a backup. One day before the surgery, Huang contacted the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhongshan Medical University in Guangzhou and Liver Treatment Center of Southwest Hospital of Third Military Medical University in Chongqing respectively, and he requested that they prepare a living liver in case the autologous transplant failed. The operation lasted over 40 hours and was successful. Huang announced that the backup living livers were not needed.[898] This shows that organ donor resources in Chongqing, Guangzhou and Xinjiang are managed separately.

3) Matching difficulty plus limited wait times for donor organs ensures that the proportion of both kidneys being used simultaneously is very low.

From the perspective of matching, 30% (approximate ratio of same blood type) multiplied by 6.5% (HLA typing rate) [899] equals to 2% (complete matching rate). In recent years in China, kidney transplant patients generally wait less than two weeks for a matching donor to be found. But the average number of patients in one city within two weeks is actually very limited, so that the proportion of simultaneously matching (for two-kidney or more organs) was very low. Unless many hospitals in a large area were all capable of conducting combined extraction of organs and transplantation simultaneously, the waste of the other organ grafts from “donors” would be very obvious. However, there was no nationwide organ matching and distribution network before 2014.[900] For many hospitals, there is no other hospital nearby which could conduct combined extraction/transplantation of organs. Many hospitals distribute the organ grafts internally without sharing with other hospitals. (See Chapter Six: testimony given to The Epoch Times by a deputy director of the affiliated hospital of university). Due to difficulties in coordination and transportation, arranging for simultaneous transplantation operations among hospitals in different metropolitan areas is very hard. In our opinion, the waste rate of organs due to difficulty matching them would be very high.

4) The existence of numerous emergency transplants proves that living donors are detained closely, and even living donor concentration camps are located in some hospitals’ basements or neighborhoods.

Many organ transplants conducted in less than 72 hours after the patient’s admission. There are even cases where the operations take place within 4 hours. We conclude that many hospitals have living donor detention centers in their neighborhoods, and some hospitals even have underground living donor concentration camps. Because liver emergency transplant is companied with low ratio of kidney transplant simultaneously, so it is difficult to arrange a kidney transplant at the same time to take advantage of two kidneys came from slaughtered Falun Gong practitioners.

3. How many people have been slaughtered for their organs? We need the whole world to join in our investigation

While we doubt that many prisoners or Falun Gong practitioners are exploited for multiple organs, it is impossible to come up with an accurate number in the current situation. Yet just as clearly when we estimate transplant volume of China, particularly looking at the number of persons slaughtered for their organs from the perspective of kidney transplantation, any estimate, even that which assumes that most individuals are used for multiple organs, will be simply staggering.

We will continue our in-depth investigations and continuously report our findings. We expect that eventually all of human society will join our investigation and someday more precise answers will be found. Until then, it is imperative for all societies to play a role in helping to ending this atrocity against humanity.

‹ Chapter 5 SUMMARY Chapter 7 ›

References:

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WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_063704.png

482 Introduction of the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Retrieved from http://fcc.zzu.edu.cn/newsss/vmsgisapi.dll/vonefun?fun=3a_s&id=S050

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_063708.png

483 Introduction of the Kidney Transplantation Department at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Retrieved from http://fcc.zzu.edu.cn/newsss/vmsgisapi.dll/vonefun?fun=3a_s&id=8235

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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484 Introduction of the Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery at the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University. Retrieved from http://fcc.zzu.edu.cn/newsss/vmsgisapi.dll/vonefun?fun=3a_s&id=S050

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_063708.png

(2015, Nov. 27. Updated 2015, Dec. 20). The Latest Investigation Conducted by World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong: Organ Harvesting from Living Falun Gong Practitioners Continues and Its Numbers are Increasing. Retrieved from http://www.upholdjustice.org/node/330

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/50795

MP3:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2015/50795_1-5..-zheng_ju_xu_hao_65-2015-3-19-zheng_zhou_da_xue_fu_yuan__gan_yi_zhi_li_gong_quan_zhou_zhi_nei_lian_ye_guo_lai_lian_ye_zuo_-pub-2-k.mp3

Transcription:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/node/330#_Toc5

[455]Introduction of the First Hospital of Jilin University.

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_064101.png

[456]Fu Yaowen, Ph.D. tutor of Surgery(Urology), the Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University.

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2015/59389_741.png

[457] Introduction of the Second Division of Urology Surgery, the Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University.

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_064104.png

[458] Introduction of the Second Division of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery, the Bethune First Hospital of Jilin University.

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[459] Profile of Fu Yaowen, Jilin Celebrity

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_064111.png

[460] National Health and Family Commission of the People's Republic of China. (2007,Aug. 06). The Notice on Organ Transplant Registration of medical subjects by Office of the Ministry of Health. the attachment "1. Hospitals List Approved by the Clinical Application of Organ Transplantation Technology Committee of MOH.doc". Retrieved from http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohyzs/s3585/200804/18974.shtml

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：：

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/400.png

[461] National Health and Family Commission of the People's Republic of China. (2007,Aug. 06). The Notice on Organ Transplant Registration of medical subjects by Office of the Ministry of Health. the attachment "1. Hospitals List Approved by the Clinical Application of Organ Transplantation Technology Committee of MOH.doc". Retrieved from http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohyzs/s3585/200804/18974.shtml

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：：

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/400.png

[462] Nanjing Gulou Hospital.Overview of the Hepatobiliary Surgery Department. http://www.njglyy.com/subject/subject-1.asp?id=87

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[463] Nanjing Gulou Hospital.Overview of the Urology Department.Retrieved from http://www.njglyy.com/subject/subject-1.asp?id=92

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/851.png

[464] Nanjing Gulou Hospital.Overview of the General Surgery Department.Retrieved from http://www.njglyy.com/subject/subject-1.asp?id=87

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[465] Nanjing Gulou Hospital.Overview of the Hepatobiliary Surgery Department. http://www.njglyy.com/subject/subject-1.asp?id=87

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/853.png

[466] Nanjing Gulou Hospital.Overview of the Urology Department.Retrieved from http://www.njglyy.com/subject/subject-1.asp?id=92

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/851.png

[467] Nanjing Gulou Hospital.Overview of the General Surgery Department.Retrieved from http://www.njglyy.com/subject/subject-1.asp?id=87

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/852.png

[468] PLA 302 Hospital. Baidu Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://baike.baidu.com/view/2127005.htm

[469] Annex 1: the list of the hospitals that have passed the examination of board of clinic application of human organs transplant technology of the Ministry of Health. (2007, Aug. 6). the Notice of Ministry of Health on carrying out correctly the registration of clinic subjects of human organs transplantation. Website of National Health and Family Planning Commission. Retrieved from http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohyzs/s3585/200804/18974.shtml

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/400.png

[470] Liu Zhenwen, Liver Disease Rehabilitation Garden. Retrieved from http://www.jk300.com/liuzhengwen.htm

[471]2010 Chinese Liver Transplant Center Data Report.

[472] The Second Center of Hepatobiliary Surgery Division, PLA 302 Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.302hospital.com/Html/Departments/Main/Detail_9.html?siteId=152

[473] The Second Center of Hepatobiliary Surgery Division, PLA 302 Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.302hospital.com/Html/Departments/Main/Detail_9.html?siteId=152

[474] Liu Zhenwen, PLA 302 Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.302hospital.com/Doctors/Main?siteId=794

[475] Introduction to the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.

Retrieved from http://www.hospital-cqmu.com/index.php?file=about

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/799.pdf

[476] Depertment of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.

Retrieved from http://www.hospital-cqmu.com/index.php?file=keshi&smid=139

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/800.pdf

[477] Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.

Retrieved from http://www.hospital-cqmu.com/index.php?file=keshi&smid=136

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/801.png

[478] Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.

Retrieved from http://old.hospital-cqmu.com/yk/ksjs.jsp?id=190

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/802.pdf

[479] Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.

Retrieved from http://www.hospital-cqmu.com/index.php?file=keshi&smid=136

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/801.png

[480] Depertment of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.

Retrieved from http://www.hospital-cqmu.com/index.php?file=keshi&smid=139

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/800.pdf

[481] Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.

Retrieved from http://www.hospital-cqmu.com/index.php?file=keshi&smid=136

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/801.png

[482] Depertment of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University.

Retrieved from http://www.hospital-cqmu.com/index.php?file=keshi&smid=139

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/800.pdf

Introduction to Qianfoshan Hospital of Shandong Province. http://www.sdhospital.com.cn/channels/ch00003/

Department of Liver Transplant, Qianfoshan Hospital. Yi Yuan Net. Retrieved from http://dpt46702.d.yynet.cn/.

WOIPFG Archived Link:

Qianfoshan Hospital. Baike.com. Retrieved from http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E7%9C%81%E5%8D%83%E4%BD%9B%E5%B1%B1%E5 % 8C% BB% E9% 99% A2

Chen Yanhui. (2006). The Investigation on Foreigners Visiting China for Organ Transplants. Phoenix Weekly. Issue 5. Retrieved from http://www.transplantation.org.cn/zyienizhonghe/2006-02/387.htm

WOIPFG Archived Link:

Qianfoshan Hospital’s Urology Department. Good Doctors Online website. Retrieved from http://www.haodf.com/faculty/DE4r08xQdKSLBfYFRhY2Krrpb6FW/jieshao.htm

Qianfoshan Hospital. Baike.com. Retrieved from http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E4%B8%9C%E7%9C%81%E5%8D%83%E4%BD%9B%E5%B1%B1%E5 % 8C% BB% E9% 99% A2

Qianfoshan Hospital’s Urology Department. Good Doctors Online website. . Retrieved from http://www.haodf.com/faculty/DE4r08xQdKSLBfYFRhY2Krrpb6FW/jieshao.htm

General Surgery Center of Beijing YouAn Hospital introduces Academic Leader Zang Yunjin. (2014, Jun. 30). Beijing YouAn Hospital, Capital Medical University.

WOIPFG. Collection of Evidences of Organ Harvesting from Live Falun Gong Practitioners by the Chinese Communist Party. Retrieved from http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/46728#_Toc366574838

Jinan hospital senior medical staff exposed organ harvesting inside story: senior employees who worked at Jinan health system for more than 20 years disclose Shandong labor camps, prisons, hospitals, courts and public security jointly make illegal organ trade. Epoch times. Retrieved from http://www.epochtimes.com/gb/12/8/10/n3656240.htm%E7%8B%AC%E5%AE%B6-%E6%B5%8E%E5%8D%97%E8%B5%84%E6%B7%B1%E5%8C%BB%E7%96%97%E5%91%98%E5%B7%A5%E6%9B%9D%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2%E6%B4%BB%E6%91%98%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98%E9%BB%91%E5%B9%95.html

[493] Introduction of Zhujiang Hospital of South Medical University.

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[494] Annex 1: the list of the hospitals that have passed the examination of board of clinic application of human organs transplant technology of the Ministry of Health. (2007, Aug. 6). the Notice of Ministry of Health on carrying out correctly the registration of clinic subjects of human organs transplantation. Website of National Health and Family Planning Commission. Retrieved from http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohyzs/s3585/200804/18974.shtml

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/400.png

[495] Guangdong Medical Association. Guangdong Medical Association on the Evaluation of the Quality of Kidney, Liver and Heart Transplant at different hospitals. Retrieved from http://www.fsma.org.cn/UploadFiles/2004-04-02-01.asp

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/392.png

[496] WOIPFG Obtained New Evidence: Jiang Zemin Ordered the Harvesting of Organs from Falun Gong Practitioners for Transplantation. (2014, Sep. 30). Retrieved from http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/44818 (Chinese Version)

http://www.upholdjustice.org/node/260 (English Version)

[497] Introduction of Organ Transplant Center, Zhujiang Hospital of South Medical University Web

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[498] Introduction of Organ Transplant Center, Zhujiang Hospital of South Medical University Web

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[499] Introduction of Organ Transplant Center, Zhujiang Hospital of South Medical University Web

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[500] Lin Minzhuan, Baidu Encyclopedia

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_063908.png

[501]Profile of Li Jie, Dongguan Taiping People's Hospital of Guangdong Province.

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_063909.png

[502] Annex 1: the list of the hospitals that have passed the examination of board of clinic application of human organs transplant technology of the Ministry of Health. (2007, Aug. 6). the Notice of Ministry of Health on carrying out correctly the registration of clinic subjects of human organs transplantation. Website of National Health and Family Planning Commission. Retrieved from http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohyzs/s3585/200804/18974.shtml

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/400.png

[503] Overview of PLA Renal Transplant and Dialysis Treatment Center, PLA No.181 Hospital.

Retrieved from http://www.gl181.com/tese.asp?id=23

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/841.pdf

[504] Overview of PLA Renal Transplant and Dialysis Treatment Center, PLA No.181 Hospital.

Retrieved from http://www.gl181.com/tese.asp?id=23

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/841.pdf

[505] Overview of PLA Renal Transplant and Dialysis Treatment Center, PLA No.181 Hospital.

Retrieved from http://www.gl181.com/tese.asp?id=23

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/841.pdf

[506] Annex 1: the list of the hospitals that have passed the examination of board of clinic application of human organs transplant technology of the Ministry of Health. (2007, Aug. 6). the Notice of Ministry of Health on carrying out correctly the registration of clinic subjects of human organs transplantation. Website of National Health and Family Planning Commission. Retrieved from http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohyzs/s3585/200804/18974.shtml

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/400.png

[507] Introduction of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Yuhuangding Hospital in Yantai City. Retrieved from http://www.ytyhdyy.com/products_list/&pmcId=50.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/757.pdf

[508] Profile of Gao Zhenli, the Yuhuangding Hospital in Yantai City. Retrieved from http://www.ytyhdyy.com/products_detail/&productId=249.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/758.png

[509] Introduction of Urology Surgery, the Yuhuangding Hospital in Yantai City.

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[510] Introduction of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Yuhuangding Hospital in Yantai City. Retrieved from http://www.ytyhdyy.com/products_list/&pmcId=50.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/757.pdf

[511]Introduction of Urology Surgery, the Yuhuangding Hospital in Yantai City.

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_064004.png

[512] Introduction of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the Yuhuangding Hospital in Yantai City. Retrieved from http://www.ytyhdyy.com/products_list/&pmcId=50.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/757.pdf

[513] Profile of Gao Zhenli, Hao Dafu Web.

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_064008.png

[514] Profile of Liu Dongfu, the Yuhuangding Hospital in Yantai City.

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_064009.png

[515]“People’s Hospital of Sichuan Province”, Introduction to Hospital

http://www.samsph.com/gaikuang-content.asp?SmallClassID=1

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_064201.pdf

[516]“Website of the National Health and Family Commission of the People’s Republic of China.”,

Aug. 1, 2013, “List of Hospitals Approved to Perform Human Organ Transplantations ”

http://www.moh.gov.cn/zhuzhan/sjcx/201308/1ef2115e6ce84414b28bcc4b608d0910.shtml

[517] “People’s Hospital of Sichuan Province”, Sichuan Province Key Laboratory of Organ Transplantation

http://www.samsph.com/tech_sub_sczdsys/148/122/1/

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_064203.png

[518]“People’s Hospital of Sichuan Province”, Introduction to the Transplantation Center

http://www.samsph.com/zhongdian-content.asp?id=8399

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/836.pdf

[519]“People’s Hospital of Sichuan Province”, Introduction to the Transplantation Center

http://www.samsph.com/zhongdian-content.asp?id=8399

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/836.pdf

[520]“People’s Hospital of Sichuan Province”, Introduction to the Transplantation Center

http://www.samsph.com/qgyzzx_intro/409/1/

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_064206.png

[521]“People’s Hospital of Sichuan Province”, Introduction to the Transplantation Center

http://www.samsph.com/qgyzzx_intro/409/1/

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_064206.png

[522]Special Technology of Keratoplasty.General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region.Retrieved from http://www.syjqzyy.com/UI/ksjs/kstsjsShow.aspx?id=433

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/132.png

[523]GaoMinghong: Ophthalmology’s Academic Leader.General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region.Retrieved from http://www.syjqzyy.com/UI/ksjs/ksxsdtr.aspx?id=135&ks=85

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/133.pdf

[524]Special Technology of Keratoplasty.General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region.Retrieved from http://www.syjqzyy.com/UI/ksjs/kstsjsShow.aspx?id=433

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/132.png

[525]Overview of Xinjiang Institute of Organ Transplant.(2014, March 11).First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University Website.Retrieved from http://www.xydyfy.com/html/2008/linchuangyixueyanjiuyuan_0326/2277.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/687.png

[526]Ethan Gutman.(2013, Jul 29).The Xinjiang Procedure-The Weekly Standard.Vol.18, No.43.Retrieved from http://www.weeklystandard.com/articles/xinjiang-procedure_610145.html?page=1

[527] Netherlands Media expose the Atrocity of Shenyang Sujiatun Concentration Camp.Retrieved from http://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2006/3/12/122669.html

[528] Inside Story of human organs business in China.(2013, Nov.5).Phoenix Weekly Magazine Network.Retrieved from http://www.51fenghuang.com/news/shehui/2514.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/274.png

[529]Inside Story of human organs business in China.(2013, Nov.5).Phoenix Weekly Magazine Network.Retrieved from http://www.51fenghuang.com/news/shehui/2514.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/274.png

[530]Profile of Wenhao.The Ho Leung Ho Lee Foundation.Retrieved from http://www.hlhl.org.cn/news/findnews/showsub.asp?id=1276

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/692.png

[531]Jiang Cuiqing, Wang Huicai, Wang Lixin, Bi Yuan, Song Bei and Zhou Xian.(2003).Preliminary experiences of monitoring 4207 patients after liver transplant.Endemic Diseases Bulletin. Vol.18, Issue No.02, pp 75-76

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/69301.pdf

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/69302.pdf

[532] Sepcialist: Qiu Baoan.Retrieved from http://www.bjgdwk.com/qwzj/28.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[533] Hepatobiliary Surgery Clinic Center, Navy General Hospital.Retrieved from http://www.hjganai.com/zttj/ganyizhi/185.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/702.png

[534] PLA 153 Hospital (Eastern).interactive encyclopedia.Retrieved from http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%86%9B%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BA%94%E4%B8%89%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2%EF%BC%88%E4%B8%9C%E5%8C%BA%EF%BC%89

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/710.png

[535] Introduction of collaborating kidney transplant center of central China of Chinese Military.Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20020607135425/http://www.china-kidney.com/newpag1.htm

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/711.png

[536] Guarantee battlefield security depend on market - the PLA 452 Hospital Zhang Cong.(2009, Jan.12).Xinhua Net.Retrieved from http://news.163.com/09/0112/20/4VG19ACC000120GU.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/712.png

[537] The PLA 452 Hospital Zhang CongGuarantee battlefield security depend on market.(2009, Jan.12).Retrieved from http://news.sohu.com/20090112/n261710745.shtml

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/713.png

[538] PLA 309 Hospital Zhang Cong: To dare to take responsibility.(2013, Dec.20).Chinese Finance.Retrieved from http://finance.china.com.cn/industry/medicine/yzld/20131220/2064111.shtml

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/714.png

[539] Record: military hospital said using Falun Gong practitioners's kidney.(2006, May 2).Retrieved from http://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2006/5/2/126638p.html

[540] Chengdu Air Force Hospital admitted using Falun Gong practitioners as living donor.Retrieved from http://news.renminbao.com/019/752g.htm

[541]Peking University First Hospital: Features and Advantages of Departments 2011-03-08

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[542]Good Doctors: Introduce some liver transplant hospitals 2009-02-25

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[543]Peking University First Hospital: Introduction to Institute of Urology, Peking University

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/722.png

[544]Introduction to Kidney Transplantation, Third Hospital of at Peking University.Retrieved from http://b3mnk.cnkme.com/treatments/show/4137

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/723.png

[545]Sino-Japanese Friendship Hospital.(2012, Dec.12).World Federation of Chinese Medicine Societies.Retrieved from http://www.wfcms.org/menuCon/contdetail.jsp?id=4345

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/724.png

[546]Introduction to Thoracic Surgery of Sino-Japanese Friendship Hospital.Retrieved from http://zryhyy.com.cn/Html/Departments/Main/Detail_20.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/725.png

[547]Introduction to Urology department, Sino-Japanese Friendship Hospital.Retrieved from http://zrmnk.cnkme.com/department

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/726.png

[548]Liver transplantation, specialized treatment in the first department of General Surgery, Sino-Japanese Friendship Hospital.Retrieved from http://zrpw1k.cnkme.com/treatments/show/3003

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/727.png

[549]Special Technology of Keratoplasty.General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region.Retrieved from http://www.gzzyy.com/Index/index.php/Sec/index/no/1252379676

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/719.pdf

[550]Introduction to Hepatobiliary Surgery Department at General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region.Retrieved from http://www.gzzyy.com/Index/index.php/Sec/artDetail/sec_no/1252379656

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/729.pdf

[551] Introduction of Urology department, PLA General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region.Retrieved from http://www.xn91.com/Depart/Desc/16

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/730.png

[552]Introduction of Surgery department (Hepatobiliary Ward), PLA General Hospital of Chengdu Military Region.Retrieved from http://www.xn91.com/Depart/Desc/18

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/731.png

[553]Introduction of Organ Transplant Center, PLA 303 Hospital Website.Retrieved from http://www.303yy.com/html/kswz/J30_1634_80.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/732.pdf

[554] Nephrology introduction, Affiliated Hospital of Armed Medical College,.Retrieved from http://www.haodf.com/faculty/DE4r08xQdKSLVGalhbX3HVJ2rF-e/jieshao.htm

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/733.png

[555]Profile of Li Hui.Retrieved from http://www.120.net/yisheng/jieshao/4gji9ia2nlwg3h0f.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/734.png

[556] Profile of Shangxi Province Second People's Hospital.Retrieved from http://www.sxws.cn/UnitWeb/Web/sey/HosIntro.aspx?flag=yyjj

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/735.png

[557] Shangxi Province Second People's Hospital had conducted 11 cases of kidney transplant in Aug.15.Retrieved from http://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2006/9/11/137584.html

[558] Wu Xiaotong, director of kidney transplant dialysis center of Shangxi Province Second People's Hospital, Doing pioneer of kidney transplant field.(2015, Aug.20).Shanxi Youth Daily, A9.Retrieved from http://www.sxqnb.com.cn/shtml/sxqnb/20150820/104152.shtml

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/267.png

[559]Tianjin 464 Hospital.Retrieved from http://www.hebiw.com/zixun/yinshi/7383708021.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/744.png

[560]PLA 464 hospital.(2007, Mar.10).Retrieved from http://tianjin.cncitymap.com/health/ZhongGuoRenMinJieFangJunDiSiLiuSiYiYuan-oh47015.shtml

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/745.png

[561]WOIPFG.WOIPFG evidence album about the CCP organ harvesting from living Falun Gong practitioners.Retrieved from http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/46728#_Toc366574827

[562]investigative leads: Beijing 307 Hospital operates kidney transplant every night.(2006, May 10).Retrieved from http://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2006/5/10/127363p.html#2006-5-9-chclues-1

[563]PLA 307 Hospital.Baidu Encyclopedia.Retrieved from http://www.307hospital.com/yyjjnew.jhtml

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/748.png

[564]PLA 307 Hospital.Baidu Encyclopedia.Retrieved from http://www.baike.com/wiki/307%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/749.png

[565] Kidney Transplant Center, PLA 307 Hospital.Retrieved from http://www.mfghj.com/sai/11375.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/750.png

[566]Overview of Urinary Surgery Center, General Hospital of Beijing Military Region.Retrieved from http://jzmnk.cnkme.com/department

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/751.png

[567]Introduction of Specialist Sun Fengling.Retrieved from http://z.xywy.com/zhuanjia-ljzy-miniaowaike-sunfengling.htm

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/752.png

[568]Hepatobiliary Surgery Department of General Hospital of Beijing Military Region.(2009, Feb.25). the Overview of Liver Transplantation Center of Beijing Military Region General Hospital.Retrieved from http://jzgdk.cnkme.com/papers/show/21865

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/37.png

[569]Introduction of Kidney Transplantation Nephrology.Seventh People's Hospital of Zhengzhou City.Retrieved from http://www.zzsqy.com.cn/OfficeDescription-3.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/754.png

[570]World Organization to Investigate Persecution of Falun Gong.(2012, May 29).Investigation Report about Alleged Participation of Organ Harvesting from Live Falun Gong Practitioners by the CCP’s Military and Armed Police Hospital System.Retrieved from http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/21820

[571]Introduction of Organ Transplant Center, Shanghai’s Ruijin Hospital, Affiliated With Shanghai Jiaotong University.Retrieved from http://yyk.familydoctor.com.cn/192/schedule_2071/

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/756.png

[572]Introduction to Urology Department at Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region.Retrieved from http://www.whzyy.net/Item/223.aspx

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/759.png

[573]Introduction to Urology Department at Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region.Retrieved from http://www.whzyy.net/Item/223.aspx

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/759.png

[574]World Organization to Investigate Persecution of Falun Gong.(2012, May 29).Investigation Report about Alleged Participation of Organ Harvesting from Live Falun Gong Practitioners by the CCP’s Military and Armed Police Hospital System.Retrieved from http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/21820

[575]WOIPFG.Special edition about WOIPFG of Evidence of the CCP live organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners.Retrieved from http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/46728#_Toc366574836

[576]Introduction of Urology Department, Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region.Retrieved from http://www.whzyy.net/Category_125/Index_2.aspx

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/763.png

[577]Information on Changhai Hospital Urology Department’s Kidney Transplant.Retrieved from http://web.archive.org/web/20050323071634/http://www.chhospital.com.cn/dept/dept-mlk/special/special4.htm

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/317.png

[578]WOIPFG.(2014, Sep.30).WOIPFG obtained new evidence: Jiang Zemin ordered the harvesting of organs from Falun Gong practitioners for transplantation.Retrieved from http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/44818 (Chinese Version) http://www.upholdjustice.org/node/260 (English Version)

[579] 2013 China Top Ten Hospital Rank - Beijing Union Medical College Hospital.Retrieved from http://rank.jianso.com/12309.htm

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/766.png

[580] Institute of Organ Transplantation, Fudan University.(2008, Aug.24).Huashan Hospital Research Departmen.Retrieved from http://www.huashan-keyanchu.org.cn/changshi/html/?131.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/767.png

[581] Profile of Ding Qiang, a physician. Huashan Hospital of Fudan University

http://www.huashan.org.cn/content/3020

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_0603.png

[582] Profile of Wang Zhengxin.

http://www.haodf.com/doctor/DE4r08xQdKSLVibo0k6N34PvWMSU.htm

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_0604.png

[583]Introduction of the Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province.Retrieved from http://www.gd2h.com/yygk/

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/768.png

[584]Introduction of Organ Transplantation Department, the Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province.Retrieved from http://www.gd2h.com/ks/0040/

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/769.png

[585]Zheng Keli.Organ Transplantation Department, the Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province.Retrieved from http://zhengkeli.u.yynet.cn/intro.php

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/770.png

[586] Introduction of Organ Transplantation Department, the Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province.Retrieved from http://www.gd2h.com/0040/

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/769.png

[587]Liu Dong Experts Office.Retrieved from http://liudong.baikemy.com/expert/profile#resume

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/772.png

[588] Investigation Lead: the Second People's Hospital of Guangdong Province had 6 cases of kidney transplant surgery at Aug.04, 2006.(2013, Sep.30).Retrieved from http://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2013/9/30/%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E7%BA%BF%E7%B4%A2-%E9%9B%B6%E5%85%AD%E5%B9%B4%E5%85%AB%E6%9C%88%E5%9B%9B%E6%97%A5%E5%B9%BF%E4%B8%9C%E7%9C%81%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2%E5%81%9A%E5%85%AD%E4%BE%8B%E8%82%BE%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D-279442.html

[589] Center of Organ Transplantation and Blood Purification, PLA 474 hospital.Retrieved from http://www.xj474hos.com/ksjj.asp?sortid=9

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/228.png

[590] Introduction of Second Hospital of Shangdong University.Retrieved from http://sdey.net/html/yiyuangaikuang/yiyuanjianjie/2014/0505/211.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/775.png

[591] Profile of Wang Hongwei, Kindey Transplant Department of Second Hospital of Shangdong University.Retrieved from http://ysk.99.com.cn/ys/introduction/464446.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/776.png

[592]Introduction of Urology Department, Henan People's Hospital.Retrieved from http://www.hnsrmyy.net/visit_office.aspx?id=24

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/777.pdf

[593]Xue Huangzhou, directoral surgeon and the doctoral tutor of People's Hospital of Zhenzhou University.Retrieved from http://bbs.zzukaoyan.com/thread-291619-1-2.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/778.png

[594] Introduction of People's Hospital of Zhenzhou University.Wikipedia.Retrieved from http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E9%83%91%E5%B7%9E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/779.pdf

[595] Qu Hongtai, Zhang Yili and Shang Huihui.(2005, Sep.27).Shanxi Military Police Headquarters Hospital increase the medical service quanlity.Source：Shangxi Daily.

Retrieved from http://news.sina.com.cn/s/2005-09-27/03357044599s.shtml

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[596] Investigation Leads: Many Organ Transplants Performed in Hospitals throughout Shanxi Province in Recent Years.(2006, Jul.10).[photo].Retrieved from http://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2006/7/10/132628.html#2006-7-9-sanxi-3

[597]Shaanxi Province General Hospital of Armed Police, Cardiac Center, Cardiac Surgery.(2008, July 30).Retrieved from http://boke.qeqeqe.com/24889/viewspace-4413.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/782.png

[598]Shaanxi Province General Hospital of Armed Police.(2015, Feb.21).Retrieved from http://www.ruizhipak.com/xian/6589.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/783.png

[599]Introduction of Shaanxi Province General Hospital of Armed Police.Retrieved from http://wjsxszdyy.wendaifu.com/offices/info/infoid/69343.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/784.png

[600]Introduction of Daping Hospital.Retrieved from http:// www.dph-fsi.com/dpyy_ysgk.asp

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/785.png

[601]Speical Techonology of Daping Hospital.Retrieved from http://www.dph-fsi.com/dpyy_tsjs.asp

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/786.png

[602]The 30-yearof changes of Daping Hospital, the annual income from 1 million to 900 million.(2009, May 11).Retrieved from http://news.xywy.com/news/news-zhanhui/jbd/hydt/20090511/477579.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/191.pdf

[603]No.458 Hospital (Guangzhou Air Force Hospital), the Big Organ Transplant Center of South of China.Baidu Encyclopedia.Retrieved from http://baike.baidu.com/view/10768287.htm

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/788.png

[604]Guangdong 458 Hospital, the Urology department.Retrieved from http://yy.69jk.cn/keshi/63422ok.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/789.png

[605]Organ Harvesting Atrocities Against Falun Gong -- Investigation Leads from China's Guangzhou City – A Comprehensive Report.

Retrieved from http://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2011/1/8/%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E7%BA%BF%E7%B4%A2-%E5%B9%BF%E5%B7%9E%E4%B8%AD%E5%85%B1%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E6%B4%BB%E6%91%98%E6%B3%95%E8%BD%AE%E5%8A%9F%E5%AD%A6%E5%91%98%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98-234649.html (Chinese Version)

http://en.minghui.org/html/articles/2012/4/4/132551.html (English Version)

[606]Professor Jing Lianxi from Guangzhou Air Force Hospital Ophthalmology came to visit our hospital.(2011, May 21).Retrieved from http://www.pr021.com/news/1571.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/142.pdf

[607]People's Liberation Army No.464 Hospital - Urology, Retrieved from http://www.463.cn/show.php?mesid=67

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/792.png

[608]Shenyang No.463 Hospital.Retrieved from http://baike.baidu.com/view/185575.htm

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/793.png

[609]Liaoning Province Red Cross Eye Bank established at the People's Liberation Army No.463 Hospital.(2005 Dec.04).People's Liberation Army No.463 Hospital, Lasik treatment center, Retrived from http://magicjackxm.com/jmyz/474G.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/794.pdf

[610]Wuhan University People's Hospital.(2014, Jun 08).Our hospital has been fully carried out all kinds of organ transplants.Retrieved from http://gw.yiyaoxueba.cn/k/a/f.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/795.png

[611]Wuhan University People's Hospital.(2014, Jun 08).Our hospital has been fully carried out all kinds of organ transplants.Retrieved from http://gw.yiyaoxueba.cn/k/a/f.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/795.png

[612]Investigation Leads: Report on the Organ Transplant Situation in Certain Hospitals in Hubei Province.Retrieved from http://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2006/7/11/%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E7%BA%BF%E7%B4%A2-%E6%AD%A6%E6%B1%89%E5%B8%82%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2%E5%99%A8%E5%AE%98%E7%A7%BB%E6%A4%8D%E6%83%85%E5%86%B5%E9%80%9A%E6%8A%A5-132728.html (Chinese Version)

http://www.clearwisdom.net/emh/articles/2006/7/16/75525.html (English Version)

[613]female college student in Wuhan killed for the kidney, family members beaten by cops when petition.(2011, Nov.30).Guanghua Daily.Retrieved from http://dailynews.sina.com/gb/news/int/kwongwah/20111130/01082957519.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/537.png

[614]Feng Bin.(2006, Aug.14).Provincial Hospital Organ Transplant Center will become the province of liver transplantation community brand.Shandong Liver Transplantation Network.Retrieved from http://www.sdgyz.com/shownews.asp?NewsID=1683

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/803.png

[615]Shandong Provincial Hospital, Retrieved from http://www.sph.com.cn/index.php?a=shows&catid=37&id=4961

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/804.png

[616]Department of Kidney transplant, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University,.( 2014, Oct.13).Retrieved from http://qdumh.qd.sd.cn/ks/yizhizhongxin/shenzang/

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/806.png

[617] Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University,.( 2014, Oct.13).Retrieved from http://qdumh.qd.sd.cn/a/gandanwaike/list_126_1.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/807.pdf

[618] Climbing never stop to create the domestic first-class organ transplant center.Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University,.( 2014, Oct.13).Retrieved from http://qdumh.qd.sd.cn/a/yiyuandongtai/yiyuanxinwen/2014/0805/3287.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/175.png

[619] Liver Transplantation Department of Kidney transplant, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University,.( 2014, Oct.13).Retrieved from http://qdumh.qd.sd.cn/ks/yizhizhongxin/ganzang/

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/809.png

[620]Urology department, First People's Hospital of Changzhou.(2010, Sep.02). Retrieved from http://www.czfph.com/typenews.asp?id=119

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/810.png

[621]First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University.Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20130315065156/http://www3.sdfyy.cn/mnwk/

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/811.png

[622]Suzhou kidney supply 300-500 people waiting for a kidney.(2012, Nov.11).Retrieved from http://js.people.com.cn/html/2012/11/12/183109.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/812.png

[623]He Jun Introduction.Chinese Journal of Blood Transfusion.Retrieved from http://www.cjbt.cn/pic_show.php?id=7

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/813.png

[624]PLA 81 Hospital.Introduction section of Surgical Oncology.Retrieved from http://www.81yy.com/departments.php?section_id=54285#markContent

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/814.png

[625] Wang Xuan.PLA 81 Hospital.Retrieved from http://wangxuan7.81yy.com/intro.php

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/815.pdf

[626]Liver Center, PLA 80 Hospital.(2015, Apr.09).Retrieved from http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2015-04/09/c_127672882.htm

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/816.png

[627] Beijing You'an Hospital.Interactive Encyclopedia.Retrieved from http://www.baike.com/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC%E4%BD%91%E5%AE%89%E5%8C%BB%E9%99%A2

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/817.pdf

[628]Beijing You'an Hospital.Research Management Information System of Introduction Hepatobiliary Surgery.Retrieved from http://www.chinawsyjk.mobi/keyanguanli/xk_xiang.asp?id=27

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/818.png

[629]General Surgery center to introduce academic leaders Zang Yunjin.Beijing You'an Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Capital Medical University.(2014, Jun.30).Retrieved from http://www.bjyah.com/Html/News/Articles/23288.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/154.png

[630]Li Ning Profile.You'an Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Capital Medical University.Retrieved from http://www.bjyah.com/Html/Doctors/Main/Detail_111.html

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/820.png

[631]Presided over more than 500 cases of liver transplants in mind Chinese doctors Prize winner Li Ning.(2010, Nov.12).Retrieved from http://news.china.com.cn/txt/2010-11/12/content_21328362.htm

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/821.png

[632]First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College.(2006).our hospital organ transplantation process.Retrieved from http://www.hosp1.ac.cn/wyyyweb/wlybview.aspx?id=3949

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/52.png

[633]Transplant center of First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College.Retrieved from http://www.hosp1.ac.cn/wyyy/web/lczx/yzzx.aspx

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/53.pdf

[634]First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College.(2006).our hospital organ transplantation process.Retrieved from http://www.hosp1.ac.cn/wyyyweb/wlybview.aspx?id=3949

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/52.png

[635] Introduction of First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College.Retrieved from http://www.hosp1.ac.cn/wyyy/web/yygk/yyjs.aspx

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/825.pdf

[636] Yang Yirong, the surgeon of transplant discipline.First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College.Retrieved from http://www.hosp1.ac.cn/wyyy/web/ksts/nsk_zjjs_xx.aspx?ksmc=%D2%C6%D6%B2%BF%C6&ryid=163

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/826.pdf

[637]Introduction of First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College.Retrieved from http://www.hosp1.ac.cn/wyyy/web/yygk/yyjs.aspx

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/825.pdf

[638] First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College.(2006).clinical departments - Transplantation.Retrieved from http://www.hosp1.ac.chttp://www.hosp1.ac.cn/wyyy/web/ksts/lcks.aspx?ksmc=%D2%C6%D6%B2%BF%C6

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/828.png

[639] First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College.(2006).our hospital organ transplantation process.Retrieved from http://www.hosp1.ac.cn/wyyyweb/wlybview.aspx?id=3949

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/52.png

[640]First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College.(2006).our hospital organ transplantation process.Retrieved from http://www.hosp1.ac.cn/wyyyweb/wlybview.aspx?id=3949

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[641] Overview of Organ Transplantation Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University's Medical Colleage.Retrieved from http://www.jd120.com/wsdy.asp?selectclassid=009001&id=161&orderid=164
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http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/365.pdf

[642]Wu Jiaqi & Yuyin.One Guangdong Transplant Surgeon Said that Donor Source Can not Openly Talk.Sound of Hope.Retrieved from http://soundofhope.org/node/121515/print

[643] Wu Jiaqi & Yuyin.One Guangdong Transplant Surgeon Said that Donor Source Can not Openly Talk.Sound of Hope.Retrieved from http://soundofhope.org/node/121515/print

[644]Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University.Character of medical system of Urology Department.Retrieved from http://www.cthhmu.com/keshi/teseshow.php?infoid=22

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[645]Introduction of Urology Department, Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University.Retrieved from http://www.haodf.com/faculty/DE4r08xQdKSLBGWZIIyyMxUNjSNk/jieshao.htm

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[646]Overview of Urinary Surgery Department of Wuhan Union Hospital.Retrieved from http://yyk.familydoctor.com.cn/13374/schedule_34320/

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[647]Overview of Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital of Huazhong University of Science and Technology.Retrieved from http://www.whuh.com/Depart_content.php?class=1&sections_id=83

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[648]Overview of PLA 401 Hospital, Qingdao News.(2009, Mar.30).Retrived from http://www.qingdaonews.com/content/2009-03/30/content_7914284.htm

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[649]PLA 401 Hospital in Qingdao Successfully Completed More than 60 Liver Transplant Surgeries.(2008, Sep.04).Qingdao News.Retrieved from http://www.qingdaonews.com/content/2008-09/04/content_7914405.htm

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[650] Overview of PLA 117 Hospital.Retrieved from http://www.117yiyuan.com/about/

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[651]Overview of Nephrology Department, PLA 117 Hospital.Retrieved from http://www.117yiyuan.com/ksdh/mzks/shenzangbingke/

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[652]Overview of Nephrology Department, PLA 117 Hospital.Retrieved from http://www.117yiyuan.com/ksdh/mzks/shenzangbingke/

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/843.png

[653]Overview of Urinary Surgery Department, Air Force General Hospital.Retrieved from http://www.kj-hospital.com/ny.asp?id=197

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/845.pdf

[654]Overview of Hepatic and Biliary Surgery Department, Air Force General Hospital.Retrieved from http://www.kj-hospital.com/ny.asp?id=195

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/846.pdf

[655]Introduction of Specialist Professor and Chief Physician Zhang Hongyi, Hepatic and Biliary Surgery Department, Air Force General Hospital.Retrieved from http://www.kj-hospital.com/zj.asp?id=195&sid=417

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[656]Overview of Urinary Surgery Department, First Subsidiary Hospital of PLA General Hospital.Retrieved from http://www.pla304.cc/keshi1.asp

WOIPFG Archived Link:

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[657]Overview of the Affiliated Second Hospital of Haerbin Medical University.Retrieved from http://www.hrbmush.edu.cn/system/2013/09/16/000715856.shtml

WOIPFG Archived Link:

http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/849.pdf

[658]Overview of the Affiliated Second Hospital of Haerbin Medical University.First Ward of the Urology Department.Retrieved from https://web.archive.org/web/20111224015101/http://appweb.dbw.cn/dbw.yida2/web/keshi/Index.aspx?kid=33&gn=jianjie

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[659]The Second Artillery Hospital of PLA, department dynamic Retrieved from http://www.epzyy.com/News/Articles/Index/1348

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http://www.upholdjustice.org/upload/images/nationalcriminalreports/36.png

[660]Li Yaofeng, Zhouding Hua, Wan Bao Dong, Zhao Wei, Xiaqi Jun, Wei Bing.(2007) .Surgical Technique for Liver Transplantation affect Liver Function.Chinese General Practice.Vol 10 (23)., pp.1947-1950

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[661]WOIPFG the latest survey: CCP organ harvesting from living Falun Gong practitioners massacre still underway.(2014, Nov.18).Retrieved from http://www.upholdjustice.org/node/281

[662] Formosa Plastic Group spent 1.18 billion on a hospital in Xiamen, organ transplant has been listed as important program.(2006, May 3).Epoch Times.Retrieved from http://www.epochtimes.com/gb/6/5/3/n1306378.htm

[663] Introduction to No.175 Hospital.Baidu Encyclopedia.Retrieved from http://baike.baidu.com/subview/1978649/1978649.htm#4

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[664] Affiliated Southeast Hospital of Xiamen University.Retrieved from http://www.175yy.com/readnews.asp?id=555

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[665]“Qilu Hospital of Shandong Province”, Introduction to Hospital

http://www.qiluhospital.com/site2/yygk/yyjj/09/702.shtml

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

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[666] National Health and Family Commission of the People's Republic of China. (2007,Aug. 06). The Notice on Organ Transplant Registration of medical subjects by Office of the Ministry of Health. the attachment "1. Hospitals List Approved by the Clinical Application of Organ Transplantation Technology Committee of MOH.doc". Retrieved from http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohyzs/s3585/200804/18974.shtml

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：：

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[667]“Qilu Hospital of Shandong Province”, Department of Blood Purification and Transplantations , Introduction to the Department

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Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_069103.png

[668]“Qilu Hospital of Shandong Province”, Department of Blood Purification and Transplantations , Introduction to the Department

http://www.qiluhospital.com/site57/ksjs/1902.shtml

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

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[669]“Good Doctors Online”, Qilu Hospital of Shandong Province普通外科简介

http://www.haodf.com/faculty/DE4rO-XCoLUnJ59Fh7UcoLDoWk/jieshao.htm

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

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[670] World Organization for Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong Published an Investigative List of Names in Shangdong Province Military Medical Institutions, that are Suspected for Harvesting Organs from Live Falun Gong Practitioner

Dec. 23, 2014

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/45795#_Toc405337629

[671]“Qilu Hospital of Shandong ProvinceDepartment of Blood Purification and Transplantations”, Introduction to Specialist Tian Jun

http://www.qiluhospital.com/site57/zjjs/9979.shtml

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_069107.png

[672]“Good Doctors Online”, Introduction to Doctor Cui Xianquan

http://www.haodf.com/doctor/DE4r08xQdKSLPwYCU52Duj49TpEn.htm

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

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[673]“baike.baidu.com”, Number Two Affiliated Hospital of the Guangzhou Medical College

http://baike.baidu.com/view/170878.htm

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

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[674] National Health and Family Commission of the People's Republic of China. (2007,Aug. 06). The Notice on Organ Transplant Registration of medical subjects by Office of the Ministry of Health. the attachment "1. Hospitals List Approved by the Clinical Application of Organ Transplantation Technology Committee of MOH.doc". Retrieved from http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohyzs/s3585/200804/18974.shtml

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：：

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[675]“Official Website of Number Two Affiliated Hospital of the Guangzhou Medical University”, Department of Organ Transplantations, Introduction to the Department

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Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

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[676]World Organization for Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong Published an Investigative List of Names in Guangdong Province Military Medical Institutions, that are Suspected for Harvesting Organs from Live Falun Gong Practitioners

Dec. 23, 2014

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/45790#_Toc405343192

[677]“Official Website of Number Two Affiliated Hospital of the Guangzhou Medical University”, Department of Organ Transplantations, Introduction to the Department

http://www.gyey.com/cn/BYKSnews_info.aspx?ks=44&TypeID=26&id1=44

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

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[678]“Number One Affiliated Hospital of the Guangxi Medical University”, Introduction to Hospital

http://www.gxmuyfy.com/gxmufy1/1fy/browse/browse3.asp?module_id=71&ID=0

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

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[679] National Health and Family Commission of the People's Republic of China. (2007,Aug. 06). The Notice on Organ Transplant Registration of medical subjects by Office of the Ministry of Health. the attachment "1. Hospitals List Approved by the Clinical Application of Organ Transplantation Technology Committee of MOH.doc". Retrieved from http://www.moh.gov.cn/mohyzs/s3585/200804/18974.shtml

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：：

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[680]“Number One Affiliated Hospital of the Guangxi Medical University”, Urology Surgery Department

http://www.gxmuyfy.com/gxmufy1/1fy/browse/browse4.asp?module_id=110&ID=3971

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

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[681]“Number One Affiliated Hospital of the Guangxi Medical University”, Urology Surgery Department

http://www.gxmuyfy.com/gxmufy1/1fy/browse/browse4.asp?module_id=110&ID=3971

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

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[682]“Number One Affiliated Hospital of the Guangxi Medical University”, Hepatobiliary Surgery Department

http://www.gxmuyfy.com/gxmufy1/1fy/browse/browse4.asp?module_id=110&ID=4089

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

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[683] 2010 Annual Report of Liver Transplantation Registration in China

Archived by the World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong：

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/sites/default/files/report/2016/64700_062704.pdf

[684]“Doctor Ah Liang”, Number One People’s Hospital of Yuanyang City, Introduction to the Department of Organ Transplantations

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[685]People's Liberation Army 107 Hospital, 365 Cardiovascular Homepage. Retrieved from http://www.365heart.com/mymy_channel/info.asp?id=50003

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[687]Introduction of PLA 281 Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.pla281.com/about.php

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[688]Qiao Shufang & Zhang Jiyun. (2008). Organization and management of bulk allograft kidney transplant surgeries for 313 cases. Chinese Journal of Convalescent Medicine[J]. pp. 8-9, Vol. 17, Issue 01

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[689]Jiang Wei, Yang Guangting, Ma Binggang, Liu Yanbin, Zu Qiang, Zhao Hongqi. (2004). Report on two cases of transplant kidney artery embolization. Medical Journal of National Defending Forces in North China.[J]. pp.41, Issue 01, Vol.16

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[690]Introduction toShanxi Province People's Hospital. (2000). Shanxi Bureau of Statistics statistical bulletin on national economic and social development in 1999. Retrieved from http://www.tjcn.org/tjgb/200912/458_4.html

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[691]Profile of Xu Jun. Shanxi Province People's Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.sxsrmyy.com/yyjs/tindex.asp?id=426

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[692] The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Organ Transplant Center. Retrieved from http://ksk.99.com.cn/ks/introduction/153204.html

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[693] The first batch of leading talent of Dalian. Dalian City Human Resources and Social Security Bureau. Retrieved from http://www.dl-rc.com/%E5%85%AC%E5%85%B1%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1/%E4%B8%93%E9%A2%98%E6%A0%8F%E7%9B%AE/zyjsrc/zjfc/%E5%A4%A7%E8%BF%9E%E5%B8%82%E9%A6%96%E6%89%B9%E9%A2%86%E5%86%9B%E4%BA%BA%E6%89%8D%E9%A3%8E%E9%87%87/Pages/8%E2%80%94%E2%80%946879.aspx

WOIPFG Archived link：

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[694] Exposure of Official Conspiracy at Labor Camps and Detention Centers to Obtain Falun Gong Members' Organs. (2006, Apr. 22). Retrieved from http://www.clearwisdom.net/emh/articles/2006/4/22/72297.html

[695]Introduction of Organ Transplantation department, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. Retrieved from http://www.cdyfy.com/ksjs/ksjs.asp?kscode1=0208

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[696]Introduction of Organ Transplantation department, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University. Retrieved from http://www.cdyfy.com/ksjs/ksjs.asp?kscode1=0208

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[697]Overview of Dongfeng General Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.dfmhp.com.cn/a/yiyuangaikuang/

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[698] Overview of Urinary Surgery Department, Dongfeng General Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.dfmhp.com.cn/a/keshidaohang/shoushukeshi/miniaoke/

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[699]Overview of Organ Transplantation in Breast Surgery, Dongfeng General Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.dfmhp.com.cn/a/keshidaohang/shoushukeshi/qiguanyizhi/

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[701]Historical Events in Organ Transplantation of Dalian Friendship Hospital. (2006, Dec. 25). Dalian News Web. Retrieved from http://www.dlxww.com/gb/daliandaily/2006-12/25/content_1634609.htm

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[702]Dalian Friendship Hospital. (2006, Dec. 25). Dalian News Web. Retrieved from http://www.dlxww.com/gb/daliandaily/2006-12/25/content_1634609.htm

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[703]Dalian Friendship Hospital. (2006, Dec. 25). Dalian News Web. Retrieved from http://www.dlxww.com/gb/daliandaily/2006-12/25/content_1634609.htm

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[704] Introduction of Hu Zhilin. Good Doctor Profile. Retrieved from http://www.haodf.com/doctor/DE4r08xQdKSLFKOQSn-CyPwMiuK4.htm

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[705]Dalian Friendship Hospital. (2006, Dec. 25). Dalian News Web. Retrieved from http://www.dlxww.com/gb/daliandaily/2006-12/25/content_1634609.htm

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[706]Overview of Urinary Surgery Department, First Subsidiary Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Retrived from http://www.hnzhy.com/Office-21.html

WOIPFG Archived link：

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/876.pdf

[707]Introduction of Wang Guangce, First Subsidiary Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Retrieved from http://www.hnzhy.com/Doctor-136.html

WOIPFG Archived link：

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[708]Announcement on Personnel Change and Academic Conference in 2014 from Henan Academy of Tradition Chinese Medicine Renal Disease Branch. (2014, Dec. 09). First Subsidiary Hospital of Henan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine. Retrieved from http://www.hnzhy.com/NewsDetail-2272.html

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[709]Introduction of Urology, Ningbo Jinzhou Second Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.yz2y.com/html/yuanwuxinxi/yiyuangaikuang/keshijieshao/2009/1221/7383.html

WOIPFG Archived link：

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[710]Institute of hepatobiliary disease, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. Retrieved from http://www.znhospital.com/DoctorDetail.aspx?did=28

WOIPFG Archived link：

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[711]Ye Qifa, Peng Guizhu & Zhangyi. (2013). Donor liver transplantation in patients with steatosis clinical analysis of 64 cases. Chinese Journal of Hepatobiliary Surgery. Vol 19 pp 105-107. Retrieved from http://www.zhgdwkzz.com/CN/abstract/abstract5240.shtml

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[712]Institute of hepatobiliary disease, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University. Retrieved from http://www.znhospital.com/DoctorDetail.aspx?did=28

WOIPFG Archived link：

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[713]WOIPFG. WOIPFG about the CCP organ harvesting from living Falun Gong practitioners evidence albums. Retrieved from http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/46728#_Toc366574836

[714]Introduction of Urology department, Foshan First People's Hospital. (2011, Dec. 15). Retrieved from http://www.fshospital.org.cn/dept/document/2011_12/dept6867.htm

WOIPFG Archived link：

http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/cn/images/nationalcriminalreports/884.pdf

[715] Urology department completed seven kidney transplant at the same day. Foshan First People's Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.fshospital.org.cn/dept/document/2006_1/dept4465.htm

WOIPFG Archived link：

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[716]Zhu Yinghui, Liu Jieting and Zhang Lanmei. (2005, Jan. 06). they let the moving convey. Foshan First People's Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.fsyyy.com/cn/infosystem/document/new8712.htm

WOIPFG Archived link：

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[717] Introduction of Liver Transplantation, Foshan First People's Hospital. (2012,Sep. 29). Retrieved from http://www.fshospital.org.cn/dept/document/2012_9/dept2450.htm

WOIPFG Archived link：

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[718]Yang Ming, Zhang Haibin, Liu Jianhua, Chen Yong. (2003). Municipal hospital 122 cases of kidney transplantation summary. Guangdong Medical Journal. Vol 24 pp 1110-1111

WOIPFG Archived link：

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[720]Development and Status of Chinese liver transplant program, International Liver Disease, (2013, Mar. 05). Love liver for your life [ILTS2011]. Retrieved from http://ganbaobao.com.cn/guojiganbing/50/89773.html

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[722]Overview of Kidney Transplantation Center of PLA 264 Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.sxmn120.com/www/yiyuanjianjie/2009/0402/1463.html

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[723]The Best Kidney Transplantation Center in Taiyuan. Retrieved from http://www.nanke2009.cn/mnxzl/2013/0331/14923.html

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[724] PLA 174 Hospital. Baidu Encyclopedia. Retrieved from http://baike.baidu.com/view/637210.htm

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[726]PLA 251 Hospital.(2008, Jan. 17). Retrieved from http://news.xinhuanet.com/mil/2008-01/17/content_7439500.htm

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[727] Introduction of Bayi Children's Hospital. Retrieved from http://www.81ek.com/about/?9.html

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Chinese Link

第六章大量法轮功学员被活摘器官虐杀

Investigation report

Book of WOIPFG Reports

E-book

THE FINAL HARVEST - Chapter 6: The Real Numbers: China’s Secret Transplant Volumes Revealed

II. Deducing total kidney and liver transplants

2. The second approach: calculation of actual transplant numbers based on inference method

3) After comparing these 11 hospitals, we discovered that the actual numbers of organ transplants at these hospitals are at least 10 times of that of the publicly disclosed

4) In Chapter 5, there were 278 hospitals that we estimated as performing 1 to 5 transplants but the actual number of the liver and kidney transplants in these hospitals could be more 10 to 20 times than that disclosed

III. Three organ transplant experts confirm that the actual number of transplants far exceeds official published number

V. Testimony from Yang Guang

1. Falun Gong Practitioners are organ harvested by area hospitals on a mass scale

2.Two Affiliated Hospitals of a Medical University in Big City Conducted 2,000 ~ 3,000 cases of Organ Transplants per year

1. The real number of liver and kidney transplants at Tianjin First Central Hospital was over 5,000 cases per year since 2006, and even acheived 8,000 cases at the peak time.

1) Based on the analysis of bed turnover rate, the number of liver and kidney transplant should exceed 5,000 cases per year since 2006, and nearly 8,000 cases of organ transplant in 2013

2) From the surgeons' work and daily transplant data, the real transplant number should reach 5,000 cases per year

1) Based on the number of hospital beds and turnover rates, it can be calculated that kidney transplant operations are between 3,000 and 4,000 a year

2) With a large, skillful team, the PLA No. 309 Hospital’s capacity is easily 3,000 transplants every year

3) The PLA No. 309 Hospital is self-proclaimed to be No. 1 nationwide three years in a row[53]

4) Fake public data by 309 hospital

1) Waiting time for organ transplants is extremely short in this hospital

2) The hospital uses living organs.The archived webpage of the hospital on September 2004 shows:

3) The hospital provides special services for Japanese patients

4) This hospital acknowledges organs from the CCP’s government

5) Investigation proves this hospital experiments on human subjects

6. Southern Hospital Suspected of Performing More Than 1,000 cases of Liver and Kidney Transplants since 2001, perhaps 3,000~4,000 annual cases at peak times

1)According to the testimony of Bai Shuzhong, the Minister of the People’s Liberation Army’s Department of Health in General Logistics, this hospital was the main force in the army for live organ harvesting

2) The organ transplant team in the hospital includes 6 to 7 kidney teams and 4 to 6 liver teams

3) This hospital ranked 2nd nationally in the number of kidney transplants for a long time.

4) The annual number of kidney transplant in 2005 was already more than 1,000 cases

5) Hepatobiliary Surgery of South Hospital was one of the largest number of cases of liver transplant conducted in Guangdong Province

7. Central South University’s Xiangya Hospital: National Organ Engineering Research Center is suspected of acting as the Party’s organ deployment center and the number of liver and kidney transplants exceeds several thousand cases per year

1)This hospital had high potential for transplants

2) Transplant Center rises in the national organ transplantation industry

3) The hospital is suspected to have acted as the CCP’s organ deployment center

1) High volume and rapid growth-rate of transplant surgeries at the hospital

2) Strong transplant surgeons team

4) A doctor of this hospital openly admitted that the organ source is Falun Gong practitioners

5) Since 2005, the webpage of the organ transplantation center stopped updating and revising the data, then deleted the whole webpage

9. In 2001, the number of kidney transplants conducted at the General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region exceeded 1,000 cases. However, the published number was only about 100 cases

1) Strong kidney transplantation team at the General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region

2) Kidney transplant center beds, and the average length of convalescence suggest that this hospital could exceed 1,000 cases per year

3) A “top priority” research institute

4) Fake public data released

10. Huang Jiefu himself admitted that the number of liver transplants at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital could be above 1,000 cases per year

11. The Affiliated Renji Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University is suspected to perform more than one thousand liver transplants and a surgeon admitted to retrieving organ donors from the army

1) Since 2011, the hospital had ranked 1st in transplantation field for 4 years

2) Robust liver transplantation surgical team

3) Transplant surgeons were extremely busy

4) Based on the bed number at the hospital’s liver transplant center and high turnover rate, it could be suspected that this the annual number of liver transplants at this hospital could be as many as 1,000 cases

5) The hospital admitted that they obtained the organs directly from military

6) The public data of kidney transplant released by this hospital was suspected to be fake

1) The Organ Transplant Center of Changzheng Hospital, affiliated with the Second Military Medical University, was the first military organ transplantation research institute

2) The annual number of liver and kidney transplantations is estimated to be over 1000 based on the number of beds and turnover rate

3) The Transplantation Center carries out emergency liver transplantation, with waiting time as short as 4 hours

4) The Changzheng Hospital’s liver and kidney transplantation team is very strong and the daily number of transplantations is competitive

13. The Southwest Hospital of the PLA’s Third Military Medical University has a Hepatobiliary Surgery Research Institute for the entire army; as one of the military’s key liver transplant hospitals, the number of transplantations reaches 3,000 cases per year

1) The annual number of liver and kidney transplantations is estimated to be over 3,000 cases based on the number of beds and turnover rate

2) The Southwest Hospital boasts a strong physicians team, indicating a large number of transplants

3) The Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute of the Southwest Hospital is a key laboratory of liver transplantation in the Military, and was recognized as a most important research asset for the Military[220]

4) The Hospital has an abundant organ supply source, that can provide a matching donor in a few hours

3) From the number of hospital beds and the occupancy status, the amount of transplants is huge

4) Potentially, a huge amount of transplants in the hospital

5) President Liu Jingfeng was the leader of organ transplant technology in Fujian Province

1) This hospital was the location of the multiple organ transplantation research Laboratory of Ministry of Health, and the largest organ transplant center of the eastern area

2) From the beds and turnover rate, we can calculate the amount of the kidney transplant in the center arrived 4,000 cases per year

3) The hospital kidney transplant team had a strong capability

2) The hospital was one of China’s largest organ transplant centers, using “organ transplants as the leader to drive the growth of other sciences”

3) The Hospital’s Organ Transplant Center provided emergency surgery of liver transplants, with sufficient organ supplies

4) Daily organ transplants indicated that the actual transplantation quantity in the hospital was very large

5) The hospital has massive capability and appears to have good organ sources

6) The hospital used more than 40 people’s pancreas for islet transplant's clinical test.

1) Jiangsu People’s Hospital is the Largest Hospital in Jiangsu Province and a Key Liver Transplant Laboratory from liver donor by MOH

2) The liver transplantation quantity was 2,000 cases each year based on the calculation of beds and turnover rate

3) Jiangsu People's Hospital has a very strong team of transplantation surgeons

4) The liver transplant surgeons in the hospitals were extremely busy

1) The hospital claimed it ranked 2nd in total scale of transplants, and became one of the main birthplaces of clinical large-sized organ transplantation

2) The highest record was 19 cases of kidney transplant in one day

3) 53 surgeons performed large quantity of transplants

4) The hospital has adequate donor sources, and is able to find a matching donor within a few hours.

2) The annual number of liver and kidney transplantations is estimated to be over 1,000 based on the beds and turnover rate