WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners at Wuhan Union Hospital and Its Staff Members Suspected of Participation

Sep 7, 2023

Hospital: Affiliated Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (aka. “Wuhan Union Hospital”)

Address: 1277 Jiefang Ave, Wuhan, Hubei Province, China

Preface

Wuhan Union Hospital (aka. Affiliated Union Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology) is one of the largest kidney transplant centers in South Central China and a national heart transplant center with a large volume of transplants. As of January 30, 2022, Wuhan Union Hospital had performed more than 900 heart transplants, including over 100 pediatric heart transplants,[1] ranking first in China for many years. (These figures were officially announced, and the actual transplant numbers are much larger). In 2022, the hospital established a liver transplant center.[2] The hospital can perform four heart transplants simultaneously.[3] The wait times for organs in this hospital are extremely short. In June 2020, its transplant center provided a patient with four donor hearts within 13 days.[4] In May 2022, the organ transplant center procured one heart within four days.[5] Against the backdrop of the Chinese Communist Party’s (CCP) state crime of live organ harvesting, this hospital is suspected of participating in the crime of live organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners and other groups.

Ⅰ. Hospital Profile

Wuhan Union Hospital is a Class A tertiary hospital. The hospital houses 5,800 licensed beds and consists of four campuses: the Main Campus, the West Campus, the Tumor Center and the Jinyinhu International Hospital. Its cardiac transplants ranked first in China for five years in a row. It has over 8,000 employees, including over 600 professionals with senior medical titles. In addition, it has one key laboratory of the Ministry of Education, one key laboratory of the Ministry of Health and two provincial key laboratories. It also obtained more than 100 grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China for five consecutive years.[6]

Ⅱ. The hospital has one of the largest kidney transplant centers in South Central China and established a liver transplant center in 2022

Wuhan Union Hospital obtained its kidney transplant qualification in 2007. Before being officially approved and designated to carry out kidney transplants, the hospital had already performed various human organ transplants. Now it is home to one of the largest kidney transplant centers in South Central China.[7]

According to the hospital’s official website, the Liver Transplant Center of Wuhan Union Hospital is a “national key discipline”, a national clinical specialty, among the first batch of qualified liver transplant centers of the National Health Commission, a doctoral and master’s degree awarding unit in surgery, and a postdoctoral research station. Due to the rapid development of liver transplantation, the communist party committee at the hospital has made major strategic decisions and deployments based on the need for high-quality development of the hospital. So in August 2022, a liver transplant center was established on the West Campus of Wuhan Union Hospital.[8]

Ⅲ. The hospital has a national heart transplant center with the largest number of heart transplants in China in 2014

The hospital claimed that its heart transplant volume ranked first in China in 2014.[9] According to people.com.cn, the Department of Cardiac Surgery at Wuhan Union Hospital completed 102 heart transplants in 2015, fully demonstrating the leading position of Wuhan’s heart transplantation techniques in China.[10]

Heart transplantation at Wuhan Union Hospital started to develop rapidly after 2008. The hospital completed 428 heart transplants from September 2008 to April 30, 2017. In 2016 and 2017, the number of heart transplants exceeded 100 within a single year.[11]

According to an article by Huang Jin and Wu Wei published on www.cjn.cn on December 15, 2015, the total number of heart transplants at Wuhan Union Hospital ranked first in China. Dong Nianguo, director of cardiac surgery at Wuhan Union Hospital, said that Wuhan had become the national heart transplant center.[12]

In 2021, the Department of Cardiac and Great Vessels Surgery at Wuhan Union Hospital completed 97 heart transplants. As of January 30, 2022, Wuhan Union Hospital had performed over 900 heart transplants, ranking first in China for many years in a row; it had also completed more than 100 pediatric heart transplants.[13]

Ⅳ. Three pediatric heart transplants were performed on the same day

On November 11, 2022, the Wuhan municipal government issued a press release stating that Wuhan Union Hospital had completed three pediatric heart transplants on the same day, which is the first in the world. According to the press release, three children from different provinces suffered from heart diseases and “coincidently” chose to come to Wuhan Union Hospital. They were 12, 11, and 4 years old, respectively. The hospital completed three heart transplants in just 7 hours. According to the press release, three donor hearts from three other provinces in China landed at Wuhan on November 7, with the average cold ischemia time during delivery being 330 minutes. This means that three children died almost at the same time, and their hearts happened to be matched with the recipients. However, the press release didn’t mention how the matching process was carried out.[14]

According to Sohu.com, on November 7, 2022, Wuhan Union Hospital completed three pediatric heart transplants. The three donor hearts came from Beijing, Guangzhou and Nanning. The transplant team leaders were Prof. Dong Nianguo, Prof. Xia Jiahong, Prof. Su Wei and Associate Prof. Wang Guohua, who led more than 20 medical staff members to perform these transplant surgeries. According to the ranking of heart transplant centers worldwide from 2017 to 2021, Wuhan Union Hospital ranked fourth. And the consecutive completion of three pediatric heart transplants at the same hospital on the same day was the world’s first.[15]

Ⅴ. Four heart transplants were performed simultaneously

The hospital performed four heart transplants simultaneously in 2013.[16] On June 21, 2013, the expert team headed by Prof. Dong Nianguo, director of the Cardiac Surgery Department, was divided into four groups to simultaneously perform four heart transplant surgeries, each led by a doctoral supervisor.[17]

Within 14 hours, from 10 a.m. on August 6, 2020 to midnight, four heart transplants were performed by a medical team of over 200 people led by Prof. Dong Nianguo, director of cardiac surgery at Wuhan Union Hospital, and Prof. Xia Jiahong.[18]

ⅤI. The organ wait times are extremely short, with the hospital providing a patient with four donor hearts within 13 days

The wait times in two organ transplant cases at Wuhan Union Hospital were extremely short. In one case, in May 2022, a patient obtained a heart within four days. In another case, within 13 days in June 2020, four suitable donor hearts were procured for one patient, and the heart transplant was completed.[19]

1.A donor heart was obtained for a heart transplant within four days

On April 8, 2022, Mu Jiangang, an associate professor at Lanzhou University, suffered a sudden myocardial infarction. After he was sent to hospital for emergency treatment, his heart was found to have a large area of infarction and in need of a heart transplant.[20]

On May 6, 2022, Mu Jiangang was transferred to Wuhan Union Hospital. At the same time, he was placed on the waiting list for a heart transplant. Four days later, Mu Jiangang obtained a suitable donor heart and had a heart transplant.

2.Even stranger is that a patient obtained four suitable donor hearts within 13 days

On June 12, 2020, a 24-year-old female patient, Sun Lingling, was admitted to Wuhan Union Hospital. Within 13 days, the hospital procured four suitable hearts for her to choose from.[21]

The first heart arrived at the hospital on June 16, but the surgeon in charge of the surgery thought that its coronary arteries were in poor condition and abandoned it.

The second heart became ready on June 19, but it was also abandoned because the patient Sun Lingling had a fever, making her physical condition unsuitable for a heart transplant.

The third and fourth hearts were both available on June 25. At this time, Sun Lingling’s condition had improved significantly, and the surgeon finally chose the heart of a 33-year-old male from hundreds of kilometers away. The other backup heart belonged to a local woman, but it was abandoned, because the surgeon feared that it wasn’t strong enough.

The patient recovered well after a 7-hour surgery.

The above two cases were first reported by mainland Chinese media, including the CCP’s official media outlets. The reports used both patients’ real names.

VII. Telephone investigations reveal short wait times and large organ transplant volumes

Investigation Recording 1

Investigation Subject: Director Dong Nianguo of the Heart Transplant Center of Wuhan Union Hospital[22]

Investigation Date: February 3, 2023 (+86-13971181551)

Key points:

Investigator: “How long does it take to schedule an operation?” Dong: “Usually three to five days.”
Investigator: “Three to five days to schedule an operation? Gee, that’s very fast.” Dong: “Uh-huh.”
“The organs are also distributed across the country, but we have relatively more of them (than other hospitals).”

(Recording 1. Download MP3. Download transcript)

Investigation Recording 2

Investigation Subject: Gu Jingyang, Director of Liver Transplant Center, Wuhan Union Hospital (former Director of Liver Transplant Department, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University)[23]

Investigation Date: February 23, 2023 (+86-13971181551)

Key points:

1. “We strive to complete liver transplants within half a month.”

2. “Most of the organs are outside of our hospital, because we are all within the distribution area. (The organs are) basically in the province, but also very close (to our hospital). (They are) within the city, in our city, with very short cold (ischemia) times.”

3. One liver transplant costs 500,000 to 600,000 yuan.

(Recording 2. Download MP3. Download transcript)

Investigation Recording 3

Investigation Subject: A nurse in the Cardiac Surgery Inpatient Ward, Wuhan Union Hospital

Investigation Date: June 30, 2020 (+86-2785351610)

Key points:

1.Investigator: “Hello! I would like to ask if Director Dong Nianguo is here?” Nurse: “Um…”

2.Nurse: “She’s (Sun Lingling) got the surgery done, but she’s not in our ward. She’s in the ICU.”

3.Nurse: “She (Sun Lingling) has been in the ICU the whole time. She was not sent from our ward to the operating room and then back to the ICU.”

(Recording 3. Download MP3. Download transcript)

Investigation Subject: Director Dong Nianguo of the Heart Transplant Center of Wuhan Union Hospital

Investigation Date: February 9, 2016 (+86-13971181551)

Key points:

1. “Now should be a good opportunity, because we’ve basically finished the transplants for all our organ recipients.”

2. “This year we’ve done about a dozen (heart transplants)… Tomorrow, we have one more transplant to do.”

3. “Last year we did more than 100 (heart transplants).”

(Recording 4. Download MP3. Download transcript)

VIII. The renal transplant team at Wuhan Union Hospital conducts research on transplantation of infant donor kidneys to adult recipients and dual kidney transplantation with kidneys from very low-birth-weight infants, in violation of medical ethics

Wang Zhendi’s kidney transplant team at Wuhan Union Hospital has been performing pediatric donor dual kidney transplantation to adult recipients for many years.[24] In December 2015, Wang Zhendi’s renal transplant team performed the hospital’s first pediatric donor kidney transplant operation, with the donor weighing only 2.3 kilograms. And during a span of nearly four years, the team at Wuhan Union Hospital completed 30 similar surgeries, including six pediatric donor kidney transplants with donors weighing under 2.5 kg. In July 2018, the renal transplant team completed a dual kidney transplantation surgery with the pediatric donor weighing only 1.3 kg. It is reported that the 1.3 kg pediatric donor is the lowest weight donor reported worldwide. According to the hospital, the success of this kidney transplantation surgery meant that China’s organ transplant industry continued to break through the restriction of minimum donor weight, thus greatly expanding the sources of donor kidneys. In recent years, Wuhan Union Hospital’s kidney transplant team has been conducting in-depth research on expanding donor kidney sources, including the utilization of kidneys from extremely low weight pediatric donors. Following the completion of the lowest weight (2.3kg) donor kidney transplant to an adult recipient in 2015, the team continued to break through the minimum donor weight limit.[25] Infant kidney transplantation is against medical ethics, and infant kidneys are rarely transplanted into adults in the West due to technical and ethical issues.[26]

IX. Investigative leads from Minghui.org: Wuhan Union Hospital is still harvesting organs from living “death-row inmates”

According to Minghui.org, an elderly gentleman from Mainland China complained that his relative spent 400,000 to 500,000 yuan to receive a kidney transplant at Wuhan Union Hospital in September 2016. The hospital didn’t disclose the specific information about the donor. Instead, they only mentioned that the “death-row-inmate” donor was about 20 to 30 years old, while emphasizing that the donor was in good health and was a very good kidney source. The patient has been discharged from the hospital but didn’t get better.[27]

X. List of people suspected of participating in live organ harvesting

HZKJ-XH001 Dong Nianguo, male

DOB: September 1963. Place of birth: Ezhou, Hubei[28]

Personal Profile: Chief surgeon, director of heart and great vessels surgery and director of the Organ Transplant Center at Wuhan Union Hospital; vice chairman of the Organ Transplant Branch and Cardiac Lung Transplant Branch of Chinese Medical Association (CMA); vice chairman of the Provincial Society of Organ Transplant at Hubei Medical Association.

Dong had studied in the United States and Switzerland. He performed the first heart-liver combined transplant and the heart transplants for the youngest (3 month old) and the oldest (76 years old) patients in China. He once performed four heart transplants on the same day.[29] As of January 30, 2022, the Organ Transplant Center he led had performed more than 900 heart transplant surgeries, ranking first in China for many years, as well as more than 100 pediatric heart transplants.[30]

HZKJ-XH002 Zeng Fuqing, male

Personal Profile: Professor of urologic surgery, chief Surgeon, doctoral instructor and director of the Urologic Surgery Institute.

He has been engaging in clinical and research of urologic surgery for almost 40 years; and he has performed kidney transplants.[31]

HZKJ-XH003 Li Heng, male

Personal Profile: Chief surgeon, associate professor, master’s degree student supervisor, associate director of the Organ Transplant Center, member of the Chinese Society of Organ Transplantation, and member of the Hubei Provincial Society of Organ Transplantation.

He graduated from Tongji Medical College in 1990 and obtained his Doctor in Medicine in 1996. He has been working in his alma mater since graduation.

Main field: kidney transplantation.[32]

HZKJ-XH004 Wang Zhendi, male

Personal Profile: Chief surgeon of the urinary surgery department, member of the Xenotransplantation Group of the Organ Transplantation Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, member of the China Organ Procurement Organization and Allocation Commission, member of the Organ Donation Committee of the Organ Transplant Doctors Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, member of the Organ Transplantation Medicine Committee of the Chinese Research Hospital Association, member of the Organ Transplantation Surgical Technology Committee of the Organ Transplant Doctors Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, and a contributing member of the editorial board of the Chinese Journal of Organ Transplantation.[33]

He has been engaging in clinical and research work on kidney transplantation for more than a decade, and he routinely performs kidney transplant surgeries. He is capable of performing difficult kidney transplants such as very low weight donor renal transplantation, elderly kidney transplantation, and kidney transplantation in highly sensitized recipients. He was conducting postdoctoral research at the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany, for three years.[34]

Wang Zhendi has many years of experience in pediatric donor dual kidney transplantation.[35] In December 2015, Wang Zhendi’s renal transplant team performed the hospital’s first pediatric donor kidney transplant operation, with the donor weighing only 2.3 kilograms. And during a span of nearly four years, the team at the Wuhan Union Hospital completed 30 similar surgeries, including six pediatric donor kidney transplants with donors weighing under 2.5 kg. In July 2018, the renal transplant team completed a dual kidney transplantation surgery with the pediatric donor weighing only 1.3 kg. It is reported that the 1.3 kg pediatric donor is the lowest weight donor reported worldwide. According to the hospital, the success of this kidney transplantation surgery meant that China’s organ transplant industry continued to break through the restriction of minimum donor weight, thus greatly expanding donor kidney sources. In recent years, Wuhan Union Hospital’s kidney transplant team has been conducting in-depth research on expanding donor kidney sources, including the utilization of kidneys from extremely low weight pediatric donors. Following the completion of the lowest weight (2.3kg) donor kidney transplant to an adult recipient in 2015, the team continued to break through the minimum donor weight limit.[36] Infant kidney transplantation is against medical ethics, and infant kidneys are rarely transplanted into adults in the West due to technical and ethical issues.[37]

HZKJ-XH005 Wang Jing, male

Personal Profile: Associate professor of the Kidney Transplant Center and associate chief surgeon

He graduated from Tongji Medical University in 1992. And he has been engaging in urologic surgery and clinical work of kidney transplantation since graduation.[38]

HZKJ-XH006 Zhang Shilong, male

Personal Profile: Attending surgeon at the Kidney Transplant Center

He has been engaging in kidney transplant and clinical work of urologic surgery for many years.[39]

HZKJ-XH007 Xia Wei, male

Personal Profile: Surgical resident doctor at the Kidney Transplant Center

He has been engaging in kidney transplant, clinical work of urologic surgery and treatment of complications after renal transplantation for years.[40]

HZKJ-XH008 Wu Yu, male

Personal Profile: Surgical resident doctor at the Kidney Transplant Center

He has been engaging in kidney transplant, clinical work of urologic surgery and treatment of complications after renal transplantation for years.[41]

HZKJ-XH009 Bai Yang, male

Personal Profile: Surgical resident doctor at the Kidney Transplant Center

He has been engaging in kidney transplant, clinical work of urologic surgery and treatment of complications after renal transplantation for years.[42]

HZKJ-XH010 Zhang Runqing, male

Personal Profile: Professor of urologic surgery and chief surgeon

His research focuses on kidney transplantation based on general urology.[43]

HZKJ-XH011 Yang Jun, male

Personal Profile: Associate professor of urologic surgery and associate chief surgeon

He graduated from Tongji Medical University with a Bachelor of Medicine in 1995. He obtained his Doctor of Medicine from Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology in 2001. He has helped to perform related surgeries in over 30 hospitals in and around Hubei Province, and the patients’ prognosis has been excellent. He conducted postdoctoral research of obstructive nephropathy and studied organ transplantation at Department of Medicine-Nephrology, Baylor College of Medicine, Huston, Texas after going to the United States in April 2011.[44]

HZKJ-XH012 Zheng Qichang, male

Personal Profile: Chief Surgeon, professor, and director of the Hepatobiliary Surgery Center

He has been conducting basic and clinical research of biomaterials in organ transplantation in recent years, specializing in liver transplantation.[45]

HZKJ-XH013 Xiong Jun, male

Personal Profile: Associate chief surgeon of hepatobiliary surgery and associate professor

He graduated from the Department of Medicine, Tongji Medical University in 1994, and he has been engaging in clinical work of hepatobiliary surgery since then. After obtaining his doctoral degree in 2005, he conducted postdoctoral research for two years at the Organ Transplant Center, the First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou.

He has been engaging in organ extraction for liver transplantation and perioperative management of organ recipients after operation. As a major participant, he has completed the first combined heart-liver transplant surgery in China, which was also the third such case in Asia.[46]

HZKJ-XH014 Wan Chidan, male

Personal Profile: Director of hepatobiliary surgery, deputy director of the Organ Transplant Center, member of the Living Organ Transplant Professional Committee of the Organ Transplant Doctors Branch of the Chinese Medical Doctor Association, and member of the Organ Transplantation Branch of Hubei Medical Association.

He has been engaging in hepatobiliary surgery clinical and research work for nearly 30 years. He was a postdoctoral researcher at the University of Mississippi Medical Center and the organ transplant center at the Medical University of South Carolina. He routinely carries out various types of liver transplantation, including DCD whole liver transplants, pediatric liver transplants, relative living donor liver transplants, split liver transplants and multi-organ combined transplants.[47]

HZKJ-XH015 Gu Jinyang, male

Personal Profile: Director of hepatobiliary surgery at the Liver Transplant Center and deputy director of the Organ Transplant Center.

He has been engaging in clinical work of liver transplantation for a long time. He has successively worked at or presided over many well-known hepatobiliary surgery/liver transplant centers in China (including Drum Tower Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University School of Medicine, Renji Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, and Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine). In August 2022, he was introduced to Wuhan Union Hospital as a high-level talent.[48]

HZKJ-XH016 Wang Chunyou, male

Personal Profile: Chief surgeon, professor, director of pancreatic surgery and director of general surgery

He has been engaging in clinical work and research of general surgery for over 20 years. He studied at UMC in the United States from 1992 to 1995. He has been specializing in pancreas-related work in the recent decade. He established the Pancreatic Surgery Research and Treatment Center and Pancreatic Surgery ICU at the hospital in 1997. And he has been conducting research on pancreas and islet stem cell transplantation.[49]

HZKJ-XH017 Zhang Kailun, male

Personal Profile: Chief surgeon and professor of cardiovascular surgery

He was at German Heart Center Munich and the Heart and Diabetes Center, Bad Oeynhausen, University Hospitals of the Ruhr-University of Bochum in Germany twice as a visiting physician and senior visiting scholar. He has outstanding performance in heart transplantation.[50]

HZKJ-XH018 Liu Jinping, male

Personal Profile: Associate professor and associate chief surgeon of cardiovascular surgery, director of the Organ Transplant Office at Wuhan Union Hospital, member of the Wuhan Society of Cardiothoracic Surgery and Organ Transplantation, secretary of the Hubei Society of Cardiothoracic Surgery, and winner of the “Earl Bakken Award” from the Chinese Society of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery.

He graduated from Tongji Medical University in 1997 and went to Australia to study in 2004. He also studied at the University of Pennsylvania and the Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia from 2008 to 2010. He performs heart transplants as a major participant.[51]

HZKJ-XH019 Shi Jiawei, female

Personal Profile: Associate professor of cardiovascular surgery and associate chief surgeon

She graduated from Tongji Medical University in 1999 and obtained her Doctor of Medicine in 2006.

She studied at Massachusetts General Hospital in 2008 and at Northwestern University’s Feinberg School of Medicine in 2014. She has conducted in-depth research in heart and lung transplantation, and she has been engaging in clinical work of cardiac surgery over a decade.[52]

HZKJ-XH020 Xiao Shiliang, male

Personal Profile: Professor, chief surgeon and associate director of heart and great vessels surgery

He has been doing clinical work and basic research of cardiac surgery, with outstanding performance in heart transplantation.[53]

HZKJ-XH021 Sun Zongquan, male

Personal Profile: Chief surgeon of cardiovascular surgery and professor

He was a former member of the standing committee of the Cardiothoracic Surgery Branch of the Chinese Medical Association. He is director of the Cardiovascular Research Institute at Wuhan Union Hospital and director of cardiovascular surgery at Wuhan Union Hospital.

He has outstanding ability in heart transplantation, and he has completed the first combined heart-lung transplant at Wuhan Union Hospital.[54]

HZKJ-XH022 Li Jinsong, male

Personal Profile: Associate professor of thoracic surgery and associate chief surgeon

He graduated from Tongji Medical University in 1991, and he has been working at Wuhan Union Hospital since his graduation. He obtained his Doctor of Medicine in 1998, and he conducted postdoctoral research at University of Cincinnati College of Medicine from 2004 to 2005.

He has been performing lung transplantation and conducting basic and applied research on lung volume reduction.[55]

HZKJ-XH023 Jiang Ke, male

Personal Profile: Associate professor of thoracic surgery and associate chief surgeon

He is skilled in lung transplantation.[56][57]

HZKJ-XH024 Wang Jianjun, male

Personal Profile: Director of thoracic surgery, professor and chief surgeon

He graduated from the Department of Medicine, Hebei Medical University, and he became a master’s degree student at Peking Union Medical College in 1990. He became vice president, director of thoracic surgery, director of the Clinical Medicine Institute, professor and chief surgeon at Hebei General Hospital in 2000. He was transferred to the Thoracic Surgery Department at Wuhan Union Hospital in 2001.

He conducted postdoctoral research from 1994 to 1999 at University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, the Department of Biological Sciences at Carnegie Mellon University and the Center for MR Education, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.

He currently performs routine lung transplants and combined heart-lung transplants.[58]

HZKJ-XH025 Zhang Mingchang, male

Personal Profile: Director of ophthalmology, chief surgeon and professor

He was the first to perform full-thickness lamellar keratoplasty to treat deep corneal opacity in Hubei Province, to avoid the rejection and complications associated with corneal transplantation. He was also the first to perform complex oculoplasty with corneal transplantation combined with amniotic membrane transplantation and automated lamellar corneal transplantation in the province.[59]

References:

[1] Cnhubei.com. “New year and new hope for ‘hearts’: over 900 heart transplants in Wuhan Union Hospital, ranking first in the country”. January 30, 2022. Source: Changjiang Daily. https://archive.vn/lSABF

[2] Profile of Liver Transplant Center, Wuhan Union Hospital.

https://web.archive.org/web/20221220040320/https://www.whuh.com/info/16…

[3] Wuhan Union Hospital, Cardiovascular Surgery Department: new business and new technologies.

http://www.whuh.com/Depart_content.php?class=1&sections_id=83

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[4] Hubei Daily. “A life-saving heart procured after twists and turns; doctors overcame difficulties to complete a highly challenging operation. A strong heart beats vigorously in the girl’s chest.” July 3, 2020.

https://archive.is/GmaHk

[5] https://finance.sina.com.cn. The Paper. “Well-known Professor Mu of Lanzhou University suffered a sudden myocardial infarction and asked his former schoolmates for help. He has now completed a heart transplant.” May 11, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221219031225/https://finance.sina.com.cn/china/2022-05-12/doc-imcwiwst6880309.shtml

[6] Baidu baike. “Profile of Wuhan Union Hospital”. https://archive.is/XyDcF

[7] Familydoctor.com.cn: Profile of Urology Department at Wuhan Union Hospital. http://yyk.familydoctor.com.cn/13374/schedule_34320/

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[8] Introduction to Liver Transplant Center, Wuhan Union Hospital

https://web.archive.org/web/20221220040320/https://www.whuh.com/info/16…

[9] Wuhan Union Hospital, Cardiovascular Surgery Department: new business and new technologies.

http://www.whuh.com/Depart_content.php?class=1&sections_id=83

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[10] People.com.cn: Wuhan Union Hospital completed 100 heart transplants, accounting for half of all heart transplants in China. December 31, 2015. Source: Wuhan Evening News.

http://hb.people.com.cn/n2/2015/1231/c194063-27437268.html

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[11] Chinese Society for Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. “Professor Dong Nianguo: Lack of Chinese guidelines for heart transplant strategies in end-stage heart disease combined with pulmonary hypertension.” November 8, 2017. http://archive.is/JBXS1

[12] Huang Jin and Wu Wei. “Organ transplants rise instead of falling in Hubei. Voluntary donations are second highest in the nation.” Cjn.cn. December 5, 2015. http://hb.ifeng.com/health/detail_2015_12/05/4627398_1.shtml

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[13] Cnhubei.com. “New year and new hope for ‘hearts’: over 900 heart transplants in Wuhan Union Hospital, ranking first in the country”. January 30, 2022. Source: Changjiang Daily. https://archive.vn/lSABF

[14] The Epoch Times. “Having participated in organ transplant operations, mainland Chinese cardiac surgeon Yang Chenyuan died”. https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/23/1/11/n13904178.htm

[15] Sohu.com. “World’s first! Wuhan Union Hospital completed three pediatric heart transplants on the same day. November 11, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221218190318/https://www.sohu.com/a/60468…

[16] Wuhan Union Hospital, Cardiovascular Surgery Department: new business and new technologies.

http://www.whuh.com/Depart_content.php?class=1&sections_id=83

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[17] Wuhan Evening News. “Wuhan Union Hospital ‘re-installed’ four hearts in 22 minutes.” June 25, 2013.

https://web.archive.org/web/20221220104322/https://www.whuh.com/info/10…

[18] News.cjn.cn. “Wuhan Union Hospital completed four heart transplant operations in one day.” August 7, 2020. http://archive.is/KBn1J. http://archive.is/LWL6M

[19] Wuhan Union Hospital, Cardiovascular Surgery Department: new business and new technologies.

http://www.whuh.com/Depart_content.php?class=1&sections_id=83

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[20] https://finance.sina.com.cn. The Paper. “Well-known Professor Mu of Lanzhou University suffered a sudden myocardial infarction and asked his former schoolmates for help. He has now completed a heart transplant.” May 11, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20221219031225/https://finance.sina.com.cn/china/2022-05-12/doc-imcwiwst6880309.shtml

[21] Hubei Daily. “A life-saving heart procured after twists and turns; doctors overcame difficulties to complete a highly challenging operation. A strong heart beats vigorously in the girl’s chest.” July 3, 2020.

https://archive.is/GmaHk

[22] WOIPFG. “Overview of WOIPFG’s 2023 Investigations on the Current Situation of the Chinese Communist Party’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners”. April 15, 2023. https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/139060

[23] WOIPFG. “Overview of WOIPFG’s 2023 Investigations on the Current Situation of the Chinese Communist Party’s Live Organ Harvesting of Falun Gong Practitioners”. April 15, 2023. https://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/139060

[24] CCTV News. “China’s first case! Woman, who received dual transplanted kidneys from an infant donor, gives birth to a daughter”. December 12, 2020. https://archive.is/yx1zY

[25] China Daily. “Wuhan Union Hospital’s Kidney Transplant Surgery Hits a New ‘Low’: 1.3-Kilogram Deceased Premature Baby Donates Kidneys to Help a Patient’s Rebirth”. July 12, 2019.https://archive.is/H4ELg

[26] The Epoch Times. “Babies’ kidneys harvested; Expert: Fear of babies being turned into the Chinese Communist Party’s organ-producing machines.” https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/23/3/6/n13944074.htm

[27] Minghui.org. “Investigation leads: Wuhan Union Hospital still engages in live kidney transplant.”

https://www.minghui.org/mh/articles/2017/6/3/%E8%B0%83%E6%9F%A5%E7%BA%B…

[28] Baidu Baike. “Dong Nianguo”. https://bkso.baidu.com/item/%E8%91%A3%E5%BF%B5%E5%9B%BD

https://archive.is/wip/oB8oK

[29] Profile of Expert Dong Nianguo, Cardiovascular Surgery, Wuhan Union Hospital

http://www.whuh.com/Depart_content.php?class=1&sections_id=83

https://web.archive.org/web/20160312122008/http://www.whuh.com/Depart_c…

[30] Cnhubei.com. “New year and new hope for ‘hearts’: over 900 heart transplants in Wuhan Union Hospital, ranking first in the country”. January 30, 2022. Source: Changjiang Daily. https://archive.vn/lSABF

[31] Profile of Zeng Fuqing, Wuhan Union Hospital http://www.whuh.com/doctor_show.php?class=1&sections_id=25&id=158&is_do…

https://web.archive.org/web/20160622143956/http://www.whuh.com/doctor_s…

[32] Profile of Li Heng, Wuhan Union Hospital http://whuh.com/doctor_show.php?class=1&sections_id=25&id=579

https://web.archive.org/web/20150316175136/http://whuh.com/doctor_show…

[33] Wuhan Union Hospital. “Profile of Wang Zhendi”. http://web.archive.org/web/20230821115005/https://www.whuh.com/info/136…

[34] Wuhan Union Hospital. “Profile of Wang Zhendi”. http://web.archive.org/web/20230821115005/https://www.whuh.com/info/136…

[35] CCTV News. “China’s first case! Woman, who received dual transplanted kidneys from an infant donor, gives birth to a daughter”. December 12, 2020. https://archive.is/yx1zY

[36] China Daily. “Wuhan Union Hospital’s Kidney Transplant Surgery Hits a New ‘Low’: 1.3-Kilogram Deceased Premature Baby Donates Kidneys to Help a Patient’s Rebirth”. July 12, 2019.https://archive.is/H4ELg

[37] The Epoch Times. “Babies’ kidneys harvested; Expert: Fear of babies being turned into the Chinese Communist Party’s organ-producing machines.” https://www.epochtimes.com/gb/23/3/6/n13944074.htm

[38] China-US Transplantation Website. “Wang Jing”.

http://www.0188.com/show.asp?id=67002

[39] China-US Transplantation Website. “Zhang Shilong”.

http://www.0188.com/show.asp?id=67063

[40] China-US Transplantation Website. “Xia Wei”.

http://www.0188.com/show.asp?id=67079

[41] China-US Transplantation Website. “Wu Yu”.

http://www.0188.com/show.asp?id=67082

[42] China-US Transplantation Website. “Bai Yang”.

http://www.0188.com/show.asp?id=67084

[43] “Wuhan Union Hospital Medical Guide: Zhang Runqing”. http://www.whuh.com/doctor_show.php?class=1&sections_id=25&id=568

https://web.archive.org/web/20150316174004/http://www.whuh.com/doctor_s…