WOIPFG’s Investigative Report on the Alleged Organ Harvesting of Living Falun Gong Practitioners at Tianjin First Central Hospital and Its Staff Members Suspected of Participation

Address: No. 24 Fukang Road, Nankai District, Tianjin

Tel: 022-23626600

Website: http://www.tj-fch.com

Preface
According to World Organization to Investigate the Persecution of Falun Gong’s (WOIPFG) investigation records, the director of kidney transplantation at Tianjin First Central Hospital and the assistant to the hospital president Shen Zhongyang both admitted in 2006 and 2018 respectively that they used Falun Gong practitioner as donors.

The number of organ transplants has been increasing explosively at Tianjin First Central Hospital after 1999.[1] The rapid establishment of large organ transplant and organ transplant research institutions, coupled with massive transplant surgical teams, has rendered the hospital one of the organ transplantation work units with the fastest development and the largest volume of transplant operations in China. The Tianjin Organ Transplant Center, Tianjin Organ Transplant Research Institute and the Orient Organ Transplant Center of Tianjin First Central Hospital were rapidly established in 2000, 2002 and 2003 respectively. On September 1, 2006, a new organ transplant building with more than 500 beds (other official media reported that there were more than 700 beds dedicated to organ transplantation at the building’s opening[2]) was put into use, and the bed utilization rate reached 90% to 131.1%. In actuality, the annual transplantation volume is estimated to have reached 5,000 to 8,000 cases.

Headed by Shen Zhongyang, the organ transplant center sent out transplant teams to guide and assist more than 50 hospitals across China to carry out the first liver transplant operations of their own and to promote the clinical implementation of liver transplantation as a routine practice throughout the country. It is one of the criminal work units suspected of participating in the most severe live organ harvesting cases.

I. Hospital Overview

Tianjin First Central Hospital is a comprehensive Class A tertiary hospital featuring organ transplantation.[3] It has 2,150 formal medical staff members, including 334 individuals with senior professional designations. Among them, 31 experts enjoy special allowances from the State Council, three are experts with their titles endowed by Tianjin City, and one is an expert of special contribution in Tianjin City.[4]

The Organ Transplant Center, located in the headquarters of the hospital, ranks first among the hospital’s 36 departments as the most distinctive and advantageous clinical department. In December 2000, the department was officially named Tianjin Organ Transplant Center by the Municipal Health Bureau.[5] In 2002, the Tianjin Organ Transplant Research Institute was established. The center has transplant surgery, internal medicine, ICU, follow-up, anesthesia, imaging, pathology, ultrasound, laboratories and other departments. And with the largest professional organ transplant teams in China capable of carrying out multiple organ transplants, including liver, kidney, pancreas, small intestine and heart surgeries, the center is considered the largest organ transplant institute in Asia.[6]

The Orient Organ Transplant Center of Tianjin First Central Hospital was officially established in December 2003.[7] It has also established Nantong Liver and Kidney Transplant Center,[8] which performs routine liver and kidney transplantation, as well as the Shandong Branch of the Orient Organ Transplant Center.[9]

II. The massive scale of organ transplantation at the Orient Organ Transplant Center

After 1999, Tianjin First Central Hospital became one of the organ transplant work units with the fastest development and the largest number of transplants across China.

1. The hospital’s organ transplant volume has experienced an explosive growth after 1999

In May 1994, Shen Zhongyang completed the first case of orthotopic liver transplantation after returning to China from his stay in Japan. In September 1998, he returned to Tianjin First Central Hospital to set up an organ transplantation department and performed seven liver transplants by the end of the year. From 1994 to 1998, Tianjin First Central Hospital completed eight liver transplants in five years.[10]

After the establishment of the organ transplant center, transplant surgical teams were dispatched from the hospital to guide more than 50 other hospitals across the country to carry out their first liver transplants and promoted the implementation of routine clinical liver transplantation nationwide.[11]

Since 2000, liver and kidney transplantation has become routine clinical operations in Tianjin First Central Hospital, and its organ transplant volume has experienced an explosive growth. In 1999, 24 liver transplants were performed.[12] According to a news article published by ENorth Netnews, which belongs to the Tianjin municipal government, in the two years after 2000, the total cumulative number of liver transplants performed by Shen Zhongyang’s team increased from 24 to 209 cases. And it took only one year in 2003 for the liver transplant volume to increase from 209 to 1,000 cases.[13]

In 2004, Shen Zhongyang’s organ transplant department had expanded to include five branches in Tianjin, Beijing and the rest of Shandong Province. The transplant branch presided by Shen Zhongyang is located within the Armed Police General Hospital in Beijing.[14]

On March 17, 2005, Shen Zhongyang performed a liver transplant at the Armed Police General Hospital. The CCTV’s “Oriental Horizon” program reported that “this is the 1,600th operation he has performed.”[15]

At the end of 2005, a family member of a patient revealed to Phoenix Weekly that the transplant center had performed at most 24 liver and kidney transplants in one single day.[16]

According to the 2005 Orient Organ Transplant Center year-end summary conference, in 2005, the hospital performed 647 orthotopic liver transplants, 436 kidney transplants, 21 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, and two cases of combined pancreas-kidney transplantation.[17]

In 2006, the Organ Transplant Center at Tianjin First Central Hospital completed 676 liver transplants.[18]

As of 2009, Tianjin First Central Hospital had completed more than 3,300 cases of liver transplantation, 2,357 cases of kidney transplantation and 31 cases of combined pancreas-kidney transplantation.[19] According to the “China Liver Transplant Registration (CLTR)”, by the end of 2010, the transplant teams at Tianjin First Central Hospital and the Beijing Armed Police General Hospital headed by Shen Zhongyang had completed a combined total of 6,270 liver transplants.[20]

On December 10, 2014, mainland Chinese newspaper Science and Technology Daily reported that as of December 2014, the total number of liver transplants performed by Shen Zhongyang had exceeded 10,000 cases.[21]

In addition, in January 2015, “Tonight Media Group” claimed that “under the guidance of Shen Zhongyang, the previous young resident doctors independently completed nearly a thousand liver transplant operations.”[22] WOIPFG published a list of organ transplant surgeons working at the hospital in 2014. For doctors specializing in liver and kidney transplantation alone, we could find from the hospital’s official website and medical papers that 110 of them had actually performed operations,[23] including 21 chief surgeons, 25 associate chief surgeons, 13 attending surgeons and 51 other medical personnel.

2. After September 1, 2006, the annual number of liver and kidney transplants in the hospital was estimated to be 5,000 to 8,000 cases

1) Calculations based on bed count, bed occupancy rate and the average length of hospital stay for liver transplantation patients at Tianjin First Central Hospital’s Orient Organ Transplant Center

The new building of the hospital’s organ transplant center was officially opened on September 1, 2006,[24] with more than 500 beds.[25] (Others reported that the number of beds had reached 700 at that time.[26])

Bed occupancy rate (BOR): 90 to 131.1 percent.[27] In 2013, the average BOR of Class A tertiary hospitals was 103 percent.[28]

The average length of stay for a liver transplant patient in China is 25 to 30 days, and the average length of stay for kidney transplants is 30 days.

Annual Transplantation Quantity at Tianjin First Central Hospital’s Orient Organ Transplant Center:

5,475 cases (500 beds × 365 days × 90% / 30 days), using 90 percent as the average BOR, and 30 days as the average length of stay
7,975 cases (500 beds × 365 days × 131.1% / 30 days), using 131.1 percent as the average BOR, and 30 days as the average length of stay
8,544 cases (500 beds × 365 days × 131.1% / 28 days), using 131.1 percent as the average BOR and 28 days as the average length of stay

Based on the above analysis and calculations, we believe that in as early as September 2006, the number of liver and kidney transplants at this hospital had reached more than 5,000 cases a year, and during its peak period, the number almost reached 8,000 cases per year.

In 2014, the hospital had more than 1,500 beds. At the end of 2015, the renovation and expansion project increased this number to 3,200 beds.[29] What the scale of its liver and kidney transplantation should have been?

3. The organ transplant center continuously upgrades its equipment and expands its infrastructure

Year	Organ Transplant Center’s Equipment and Infrastructure
2002	The hospital began treating South Korean patients in 2002, and a total of over 500 individuals have received treatment so far. A large number of South Korean patients rushed in, rendering the existing medical facilities of Tianjin First Central Hospital extremely insufficient. The hospital converted the 4th to 7th floors of its 12-storey building into dedicated organ transplant inpatient service area, and renovated 76 ward beds, with 62 of which being in single rooms or suites. In addition, the Orient Organ Transplant Center also borrowed the 8th floor of the TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital in the Tianjin Economic Technological Development Area (TEDA) as an inpatient service area dedicated to South Korean patients. And at the same time, the rooms on the 24th and 25th floors of a nearby hotel were converted into wards for South Korean patients waiting for organ transplants. Prior to the construction of the new organ transplant center building, it was divided into four liver transplantation teams and three kidney transplant teams, with 120 beds altogether.[30]
2006	The Tianjin Municipal Communist Party Committee and the Tianjin municipal government invested about 170 million yuan in the construction of the Orient Organ Transplant Center’s new building. With a construction area of 46,000 square meters, the organ transplant building was completed and put into use in August 2006.[31] The new building of the Organ Transplant Center was officially opened on September 1, 2006,[32] with more than 500 beds.[33] (Others reported that the number of beds had reached 700 at that time.[34]) The 2006 Reconstruction Project Manual of Tianjin First Central Hospital stated, “The utilization rate of liver and kidney transplant beds is over 90%.”[35] The average hospital stay for liver transplantation at this hospital is 25 to 30 days.[36]
2013	After the new building had been in use for many years, the hospital claimed, “In 2013, the development of various disciplines in our hospital achieved different degrees of progress.” “The bed utilization rate increased by 5.7% year-on-year,” reaching 131.1%. Therefore, the hospital added 300 more beds to the existing 1,200 ward beds, making a total of 1,500 beds. And it also added some beds to the organ transplant center.[37]
2015	The Organ Transplant Center had become the largest organ transplantation base in Asia, the birthplace of clinical liver transplantation in China and the “Transplant Technology Application Base” in Tianjin. At the end of 2015, the third phase of the expansion project was put into use, with 3,200 ward beds.[38]

 

III. The waiting time in this hospital is extremely short and at most 24 liver and kidney transplants have been performed in one day, and the doctors are very busy

The United States has a large organ donation system. According to a report by the United States Department of Health and Human Services in 2007, the average wait times for a liver and a kidney in the United States were two and three years, respectively.[39]

1. The hospital’s average wait time for organs in 2005 was two weeks.

According to the official website of the Orient Organ Transplant Center, its average wait time for organs in 2005 was two weeks.[40] 

2. Multiple surgeries are performed simultaneously

Tianjin First Central Hospital can perform multiple and even several dozen kidney and/or liver transplants on the same day or at the same time. It is impossible to obtain such large number of suitable organs from executed prisoners on the same day.

Xinhua Net (Tianjin) reported on February 7, 2005 that the Orient Organ Transplant Center completed 108 liver transplants (four to five liver transplants every day, if surgeries were performed on only five working days per week) and 43 kidney transplants in January 2005.[41] A patient’s family told Phoenix Weekly that the transplant center once performed as many as 24 liver and kidney transplants in one day.[42] The Orient Organ Transplant Center is capable of doing nine liver transplants and eight kidney transplants simultaneously.[43]

3. The transplant surgeons at this hospital were very busy

An old report on Phoenix Weekly (Issue 5, 2006) titled “Investigation on Foreigners Going to China for Organ Transplants” reported[44]:

“Tianjin First Central Hospital set a record in December 2004 when they completed 44 liver transplants in one week. Yet by the time when the article was written in 2006, the 2004 record had become a very small number of organ transplants. By then, the transplant surgeons of Tianjin First Central Hospital had almost no days off: “The transplant surgeons at this hospital were so busy shuffling between hospital wards and operation rooms that, they didn’t even have time to greet one another. They were often heard saying ‘too busy these several days, more than 10 operations a day…Some surgeons even performed operations overnight, without having any sleep …We performing liver transplants also has peak season and off season. …However, some surgeons complained that the only slow season for liver transplants is the month after the Chinese New Year. They are very busy for the rest of the year, especially before the Chinese New Year. They didn’t have much time to stay at home.”

IV. Telephone investigation shows that the main source of donors is Falun Gong practitioners, the number of transplants can reach thousands of cases per year, the waiting time for organs is short, and the number of donated organs from the Red Cross is far lower than the actual number of transplants

1. The main donor sources are Falun Gong practitioners

Judging from the CCP’s media reports and the information publicly disclosed on the transplant center’s website, the volume of transplants performed by Tianjin First Central Hospital is high enough to question the CCP’s rhetoric about the source of organs. In the absence of an organ donation system, definitely not all organs used for transplantation in hospitals come from executed prisoners.

The director of kidney transplantation and the assistant to hospital president Shen both admitted, in 2006 and 2018 respectively, that they were using Falun Gong members as donors.

In March 2006, insiders exposed the tragedy of organ harvesting from living Falun Gong practitioners in Sujiatun, Shenyang, and another major source of organs was unveiled.[45]

Example of a WOIPFG telephone investigation: Both the hospital’s kidney transplant director and the president’s assistant admitted, in 2006 and 2018 respectively, that they were using Falun Gong practitioners as donors.

Subject of Investigation: Bai Rongsheng, Liver transplant doctor and an assistant to President Shen Zhongyang at Tianjin First Central Hospital.[46]

Date: November 15, 2018 (Tel: +86-13803019898)

Investigator: “Regarding liver donors, the situation now is that in general they are the type of healthy donors, right? The kind from Falun Gong practitioners, right?”

Bai Rongsheng: “Right, right, right, ah.”

(Recording 1. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 10)

Subject of Investigation: Song Wenli, chief kidney transplant surgeon, Organ Transplant Center of Tianjin First Central Hospital[47]

Date: March 15, 2006 (Tel: +86-13920128990)

Summary:
Investigator: Is this Director Song of Tianjin First Central Hospital?

Song Wenli: Ah, yes, speaking, please!

Investigator: ...His doctor told him that the kidney source was quite good, (because) the donor did exercises. (When the doctor was asked about) what kind of exercises it was, (his answer) was Falun Gong. That is, Falun Gong practitioners are generally healthy and fit… [Interrupted by Song]

Song Wenli: Of course! We also have this kind of situations here. We also have this kind of donors, who have breathing or heartbeat, so to speak. We also have these. We probably have had over a dozen kidneys of this kind so far this year.

(Recording 2. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: Addendum)

Profile of Song Wenli: Director of Kidney Transplantation in the Organ Transplant Center of Tianjin First Central Hospital, member of the Organ Transplantation Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and member of the Organ Transplantation Branch of the Tianjin Medical Association. He has completed more than 2,000 kidney transplant cases.[48]

2. Telephone recordings show that the hospital can perform several thousand organ transplants per year
In 2017, a liver transplant doctor at the Tianjin First Central Hospital claimed that his hospital could perform 400 or 500 cases of liver transplantation a year. After a WOIPFG investigator pressed for confirmation, the doctor admitted that this was the number of surgeries completed by one surgery team alone in one year. Another doctor said that there were more than ten transplant surgery teams in the hospital’s organ transplant center. Our rough estimation is that the annual liver and kidney transplantation volume at this hospital would reach several thousand per year.

In October 2017, kidney transplant doctors at Tianjin First Central Hospital reported that they could perform 400 or 500 cases of kidney transplants and liver transplants respectively each year. In May 2018, the liver transplant doctor said that there were 400 to 500 liver transplants a year, and all teams performed them, and each team did hundreds of cases! Another liver transplant doctor said that the center has more than ten liver transplant teams. Roughly estimated, thousands of liver and kidney transplants are performed every year.

A doctor at the Tianjin First Central Hospital Organ Transplantation Centre confirmed a large volume of transplants as late as 2017[49]

On October 17, 2017, Dr. Feng, a kidney transplant doctor on the 6th Floor of the Oriental Organ Transplantation Building at Tianjin First Central Hospital, said that they do kidney transplants just as frequently as  liver transplants, four or five hundred a year.

(Recording 3. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 79)

On May 4, 2018, a liver transplant doctor on the 8th floor of the Oriental Organ Transplantation Building of the Tianjin First Central Hospital told investigators that there are four or five hundred liver transplants a year, and every team does them. The investigator asked this liver transplant doctor: Can you do more than a thousand cases a year? The answer? “That's not all! We have several teams, each team has done hundreds of cases! We have done even more than that.” [50]

(Recording 4. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 6-1)

On May 8, 2018, another liver transplant doctor on the 8th floor of the Oriental Organ Transplantation Building of Tianjin First Central Hospital said in an investigation call: “There are many liver donors, and there are transplants every day. Each director leads a team to perform [operations.]” The investigator asked how many transplant teams there were. The other party blurted out "ten ~" before hurriedly changing the topic: "Ah ~ they’re all very good!” [51]

(Recording 5. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 6-2)

3. The average wait time for organs was short.

On May 4, 2018, a WOIPFG investigator asked a doctor from the Liver Transplantation Doctors’ Office on the 8th Floor of Tianjin First Central Hospital, “Do you perform more than 1,000 cases like my friend said? Every year.” The doctor replied, “More than that. But among our several (surgery) teams, there are at least several hundred cases by each team.”[52]

(Recording 6. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 6-1)

On March 13, 2019, Orient Organ Transplant Center’s liver transplant surgeon Doctor Li (+86-22-23626857) said, “The wait time may be a month at most, may be a week at least. In general, one month is enough.”[53]

(Recording 7. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 019)

On March 15, 2019, Associate Chief Surgeon Li Jiang from the liver transplant doctors’ office at the Orient Organ Transplant Center (+86-2223626857) said, “We can get it done soon.” “Write down my mobile phone number: 138 2046 7120.” “We have so many, so many, so many directors...”

(Recording 8. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 024)

4. Dr. Yang Han from the Liver Transplant center said: “Tianjin First Central Hospital is the largest one, but there is no way to know how many (cases) it conducted after all.”

Investigation Object: Dr. Yang Han from the Liver Transplant center[54]  
Investigation Date: June 2, 2018 (Phone #: +8637166279137)

Summary: Last year there were more than 200 cases, this year there have been 110 cases already. Type A (blood donor) is not easy to find. The estimated waiting time is about two weeks to one month.

Many of the directors in Shanghai have cooperation with us, because their patients can't wait too long to get the liver donors. They all bring their patients to Henan to do it. The nationwide rank of transplant volume: the first one is Renji, the second one is Zhejiang University, the third is us, the fourth may be Xiangya. Tianjin First Central Hospital is the largest one, however it has no data, because they have a part of data that is not released, so there is no way to know how many (cases) it conducted after all.

(Recording 9. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 80-2)

5. Organ donations from the Red Cross Society are minimal (for data after 2015)

Starting from January 1, 2015, the use of executed prisoners’ organs as a source of transplant donor organs was completely banned by the CCP. The CCP claimed that voluntary organ donation after the death of citizens would become the only organ source for transplantation.[55]

In 2017, several thousand cases of organ transplantation were performed in Tianjin First Central Hospital alone. Meanwhile, Shandong Province (where Tianjin is located) received only over 100 organ donations witnessed by the Tianjin Red Cross Society in 2017.

Official reports: numbers of organ donations

Table 1. Officially Reported Numbers of Donated Organs from 2015 to 2018

Year	Cumulative Number of Organ Donations
As of March 1, 2015	123 cases
As of the end of September 2016	293 cases[56]
As of May 2017	400 cases
As of the end of March 2018	521 cases[57]

 

Phone Investigation: Statistical Table of Organ Donation Volumes from 2015 to 2018

 

Table 2. Statistical Table of Phone Investigation Results of Organ Donation Volumes from 2015 to 2018

Date	Year	Person Investigated	Organization	Organ Donation Situation
December 11, 2015	2015	A staff member	Red Cross Society of China, Tianjin Branch	There had been more than 170 donors since the establishment of the donation system in Tianjin in 2003. (Recording 10. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 3)[58]
November 9, 2017	2017	A staff-on-duty	Organ Donation Office of Red Cross Society of China, Tianjin Branch	A total of over 3,000 people had been registered for organ donation in the past few years. It only shows their willingness to donate organs after death. In Tianjin, there were over 100 donation cases in 2016 and also in 2017. (Recording 11. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 4)[59]
June 26, 2018	2018	Director Gui Zhichao	Donation Service Department, Tianjin Human Organ Donation Management Center at Red Cross Society of China, Tianjin Branch	There are about more than 100 organ donations witnessed and certified by the Red Cross of China, Tianjin Branch, in a year. (Recording 12. Download: MP3; Transcript Download: pdf 5)[60]

Figure 1. Comparison Graph of the Number of Voluntary Organ Donors in Tianjin City and the Liver Transplant Volume in the Tianjin First Center Hospital in 2017
 

Tianjin has three hospitals designated by the Ministry of Health to carry out liver and kidney transplantation. The annual volume of liver and kidney transplantation in the Tianjin First Central Hospital is as large as several thousand cases per year.[61]
The large gap between the number of organ donations and transplant volume indicates that there are major donor sources other than organ donations. 

V. Medical Papers Show live organ harvesting

1. Organs from “brain dead” patients

China has never had any brain death legislation, diagnostic criteria for brain death and a sound organ donation system, so there are no “brain-dead organ donors” in China, voluntary or not.

On July 11, 2006, People’s Daily published an article titled “Our country’s first donation heart transplant was successful.” The article stated “On July 1, 2006, the 18th brain dead donor donated a heart. The transplant surgery was successful. This is the first successful case of heart transplant using a brain dead donor.” The article also quoted Dr. Chen Zhonghua saying, “by far there are 18 cases of successful brain death organ donation in China.” [62]

An Aug. 22, 2014 article on qq.com titled “No brain death regulation in China, 90% of doctors are not clear about the specifications either” says there are 80 countries in the world that have brain death regulations, but not China. [63]

A medical paper of Tianjin First Central Hospital stated that “2,195 liver transplants were performed from 2002 to 2006, and 2,500 donor livers were excised from cadavers. The healthy donors were all lab tested negative for hepatitises, syphilis and AIDS. Their livers were excised after they became brain-dead.”[64]From 2002 to 2006, it was illegal that 2,500 donor livers were excised after they became brain-dead.

2. Many medical papers show that the warm ischemia times were short; live organ harvesting is suspected

The warm ischemia time is zero or ultra-short, indicating that there is heartbeat and blood supply when the organ is harvested. That is, the organ is harvested from living donors. Generally, it can be done only from a brain-dead or living donor.
 

A medical paper from Tianjin First Central Hospital published in the Chinese Journal of Hepatobiliary Surgery in February 2007 claimed, “The warm ischemia times of the donor livers from 200 brain-dead cadavers without heartbeat from 2003 to 2005 were less than eight minutes.”[65]

In most cases mentioned in the medical paper, the warm ischemia times were only a few minutes. This implies that the process of liver excision was the process of turning a living “donor” into “a cadaver without heartbeat”, which would be the process of live organ harvesting.

The following medical paper describes the experiences of liver excisions at Tianjin First Central Hospital.

In the April 2008 issue of Tianjin Journal of Nursing, a medical paper published by Tianjin First Central Hospital, stated that the hospital “performed 2,195 cases of liver transplant operations from 2002 to 2006, and 2,500 cadaveric donor livers were excised. The healthy donors were all lab tested negative for hepatitises, syphilis and AIDS. Their livers were excised after they became brain-dead.”[66] This means that the number of donors was larger than the number of liver excisions, and that the number of liver excisions was larger than that of transplanted organs. Moreover, the usability of the organs was determined only after the donor’s abdomen was opened. The paper’s “Preliminary Inspection of Donor Liver Quality” section mentioned the observation of the liver color after the abdominal incision to determine fatty liver state, and “moderate and worse fatty livers were generally abandoned”. At this moment, the abdomen of the “donor” would have already been opened, but the liver would not have yet been removed.[67]

3.2.1 Preliminary Inspection of Donor Liver Quality

A large cross incision in the abdomen was cut to allow the doctor to pull the right costal arch open to observe the surface color of the donor liver, whether there were lipid particles on the liver surface, and whether the lower edge of the liver was sharp. If the lower edge of the liver had become blunt, its surface had become yellow and lipid particles were visible, the organ would be determined to be a fatty liver. According to the level classification of mild, moderate and severe fatty livers, the excision of the donor liver would be determined. Generally, moderate and worse fatty livers would be abandoned, because if such fatty livers were transplanted, the situation of primary liver non-function or delayed graft liver function recovery would likely occur.

Regarding the livers that had already been excised, there would also be an on-site
“intraoperative laboratory test” to directly determine whether the donor livers were going to be kept or not.

3.3 Intraoperative Laboratory Tests   

The results of intraoperative laboratory tests directly determine whether to retain the donor livers or not. Our center practices on-site rapid testing for each donor, including blood type, liver functions, syphilis and HIV. In the on-site operation, a blood sample diluted with equal amount of water would be dripped into the window, or one drop of the original blood would be dripped into the window, before the buffer or isotonic saline is dripped. Then wait for 20 minutes to observe the results from the window. To ensure accuracy of the test, three sets of test papers could be used.

Although the title of the paper mentioned “cadaveric livers”, the warm ischemia times of all donor livers were nevertheless indicated as within 10 minutes, the excision times were within 30 minutes, and the cold ischemia times were within 12 hours. The paper mentioned that “their livers were excised after they became brain-dead”. It’s possible that living donors were sent to the excision site, and the donors were killed during the excision process.

3. Shen Zhongyang created the standard operation method for obtaining liver donors from "cadaveric donors without heartbeat", which can control the warm ischemia time within 5 minutes, which is the process of turning a living person into a corpse

Shen Zhongyang created the standard operation method for obtaining livers from "cadaveric donors without heartbeat": independently developed a pipeline for perfusion of the abdominal aorta and portal vein system, and created a "cadaveric donor without heartbeat" liver donor suitable for China's characteristics. The acquisition method can control the warm ischemia time within 5 minutes and shorten the operation time to 30 minutes. At present, this combined perfusion method has become the standard acquisition method of "cadaveric donors without heartbeat" commonly used in China. This technology has obtained one utility model patent (the first to achieve this)[68]. The warm ischemia time can be controlled within 5 minutes, which is impossible for "corpse" or "heartless" donors, which proves that the process of removing the liver is the process of "donor" transforming from living body to "heartless corpse".

VI. Field visits by South Korean journalists

In 2017, reporters from the TV station “TV Chosun”, which is under South Korea’s largest daily newspaper “Chosun Ilbo”, went to China to conduct field investigations. In October 2017, the field investigation of China’s largest organ transplant center, Orient Organ Transplant Center of Tianjin, showed that:[69]

1. The wait times for organ transplants in the hospital were several days or weeks

In 2017, several South Korean reporters went to China to conduct field investigations. The wait times for organ transplants in the hospital were several days or weeks.[70]

2. The organ transplant center could perform several thousand organ transplant operations every year

Patients from the Middle East, South Korea and other countries can receive organ transplants within several days or weeks of waiting in a hotel near the hospital; if a special donation is made to the hospital’s foundation, the organ transplant process will be accelerated. The hospital layout map in the center’s hall shows multiple organ transplant wards designated for foreign patients. A nurse from the International Organ Transplantation Department revealed to the investigating reporters that the department actually completed eight organ transplant operations on the first day of the department’s establishment. The investigation team observed that there were more than a dozen operating rooms, which were still fully in use throughout the day. After the over 500 ward beds dedicated to organ transplantation became fully occupied, foreign patients would be placed in rooms on several floors of a nearby hotel, which means that the center could perform several thousand organ transplant operations every year, providing organ transplants to Chinese and foreign patients on demand.

VII. Overseas collaboration and years of organ transplant tourism boom

1. Overseas collaboration: with funding from the United States-based China Medical Board, Inc., Tianjin First Central Hospital established the “China Liver Transplant Training Center”

In July 2006, with funding from the United States-based China Medical Board, Inc., Tianjin First Central Hospital established the “China Liver Transplant Training Center” and held four national clinical liver transplant conferences.[71] The organ transplant center that Shen Zhongyang was ordered to build assisted 66 medical units in 22 regions across China to carry out clinical liver transplantation, accounting for two-thirds of the country’s existing liver transplant centers.[72]

2. Overseas business advertisement: years of organ transplant tourism boom

Sanlian Life Weekly reported in 2004 that in just a few years, tens of thousands of overseas patients had come to China for organ transplants, setting off an “organ transplant tourism”. This article described the thriving organ transplant tourism: “In addition to South Koreans, Tianjin First Central Hospital (aka. the Orient Organ Transplant Center) also has patients from nearly 20 countries and regions in Asia, including Japan, Malaysia, Egypt, Pakistan, India, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan.” Phoenix Weekly also reported that mainland China had become an emerging center for organ transplants worldwide.[73]As of 2017, organ transplant tourism was still booming.

Huang Jiefu, chairman of the China Human Organ Donation and Transplantation Committee, was interviewed by Shenyidu (a reporting column of Beijing Youth Daily with online ID: intodeepthoughts) during the two sessions of the Chinese Communist Party in March 2017, claiming that the “organ transplant tourism” was extinct in China as of the previous year (2016).[74] However, in 2017, several South Korean reporters went to China to conduct field investigations and discovered that the Orient Organ Transplant Center has an international diagnosis and treatment center and dedicated wards for foreign transplant patients. A large number of South Koreans and Middle Easterners come here for transplant operations every year. In 2017, Middle Eastern patients outnumbered Korean patients. The staff of the hospital said that the government had banned transplant tourism, but they just turned a blind eye to it.[75]

VIII. The CCP has designated organ transplantation as a national industry, invested a lot of money, and included it in the research and development of many national-level projects

China attaches great importance to the scientific and technological research and development of organ transplantation, and transplant-related projects can get a large amount of financial support from the government.

Shen Zhongyang is currently the chief expert of the organ transplantation key technology projects of the National 863 Program, the subject matter expert of the biological and medical technological field of the National 863 Program, the deputy chairman of the Organ Transplantation Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, and the fifth chief editor of “China Critical Care and Emergency Medicine”, member of the editorial board of “Chinese Journal of General Surgery”, “Chinese Journal of Hepatobiliary Surgery” and other journals.[76]

After 2000, since the establishment of its Organ Transplant Center and Organ Transplant Research Institute, the hospital has invested a total of 20 million yuan to carry out basic and clinical research related to organ transplantation.[77]

Ⅸ. Hospitals profit a lot from transplantation

The rapidly expanding business has allowed the Oriental Organ Transplant Center to obtain huge revenue.According to media reports, liver transplantation alone could bring at least 100 million yuan in revenue to the center each year.[78] In September 2006, the new building of the Oriental Organ Transplant Center opened. This transplant center with an investment of 130 million yuan and 500 beds will bring huge income to Tianjin First Center.[79]

Ⅹ. The Tianjin Municipal Government has invested 130 million yuan to build the Oriental Organ Transplantation Building. Zhang Gaoli, secretary of the Tianjin Municipal Party Committee, attaches great importance to the development of the transplant center

The Tianjin municipal government announced in December 2003 that it would invest 130 million yuan to construct a building dedicated to organ transplantation for Tianjin First Central Hospital.[80]The Orient Organ Transplant Building, opened for business in 2006, has since become the largest organ transplant center in Asia.[81]

On July 17, 2010, Zhang Gaoli, then Secretary of the Tianjin Municipal Communist Party Committee, inspected and encouraged the center to “continue to give full play to its advantages in organ transplantation.” In that year, the total liver transplants performed at the center accounted for one third of total liver transplantation cases in China.[82]

Shen Zhongyang’s career has been advancing along with his organ transplant volume. After Shen returned to China in 1998, he successively served as the head of the Organ Transplantation Department at Tianjin First Central Hospital, the director of the Organ Transplant Research Institute and the vice president of Tianjin First Central Hospital. In 2007, he became the president of Tianjin First Central Hospital.[83] In just one decade, Shen Zhongyang went from a general surgeon to the president of a large comprehensive Class A tertiary hospital (the top grade of the Chinese hospital classification system).

Ⅺ. List of Responsible Persons

TJYZ001.

Name: Shen Zhongyang

Gender: male

Date of birth: November 1962

Place of birth: Shenyang City, Liaoning Province

Profile:

Shen Zhongyang is the director of the Organ Transplantation Center at Tianjin First Central Hospital, director of the Tianjin Organ Transplant Research Institute, director of the Organ Transplant Research Institute of the Armed Police General Hospital, and the president of Tianjin First Central Hospital. He enjoys special allowances for experts from the State Council, and he is a professor at Nankai University and Tianjin Medical University and a doctoral student supervisor. He is the chief expert of the organ transplantation key technology projects of the National 863 Program and chief expert of organ transplantation in the Core Group of the Central Health Committee.[84] (The Central Health Committee is an organization under the CCP Central Committee mainly responsible for the personal health of the CCP top officials.)      

Shen Zhongyang presided over the completion of a liver transplant operation at the hospital in 1994. In 1998, he established the Organ Transplant Department, which later developed into the Orient Organ Transplant Center in 2006. At the same time, he established the largest organ transplant center in Beijing at the Armed Police General Hospital and served as the center’s director.[85] As of the end of 2014, his team had completed nearly 10,000 liver transplants.[86] [87]
TJYZ002.
Name: Zang Yunjin

Gender: male

Date of birth: October 29, 1964

Profile: Zang Yunjin is vice president of Qingdao University Medical Group, director of surgery and director of the Organ Transplant Center at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, and chief surgeon and professor at the hospital’s Institute of Organ Transplant Medicine.[88]

He is also deputy director of the Institute of Liver Transplantation at the Armed Police General Hospital, as well as chief surgeon and professor at the institute. He also holds positions as director and chief surgeon of the Liver Transplant Department of Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital, affiliated with School of Medicine, Shandong University. He is also director of the Shandong Branch of the Orient Organ Transplant Center, and chief surgeon at the Orient Organ Transplant Center of Tianjin First Central Hospital.[89] He is a surgeon member of the International Liver Transplant Society (ILTS), standing committee member of the Military Organ Transplant Professional Committee of the Chinese Medical Association, vice chairman of the Shandong Provincial Organ Transplant Professional Committee, a specially-invited expert of the Medical Expert Committee of Shandong Science and Technology Press and editorial board member of “Shandong Medicine” journal.

Overseas training experiences: From September 1999 to December 2000, he studied liver transplantation techniques as a visiting scholar, at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center’s (UPMC) Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, under the tutelage of John J. Fung, former president of the International Liver Transplantation Society. In June 2000, he was accepted as a surgeon member by the International Liver Transplantation Society.

In September 2001, after receiving transplant training in the U.S., he joined the Organ Transplant Department of Tianjin First Central Hospital and the Orient Organ Transplant Center, and he carried out liver transplants under the guidance of Shen Zhongyang. He was later able to complete liver transplants on his own and provided training for other hospitals in Hebei, Henan and Shandong Provinces in over 100 operations.[90] In January 2005, Zang joined the Armed Police General Hospital’s Liver Transplant Research Institute to perform liver transplantation, and he was appointed deputy director of the institute, chief surgeon and professor. Between January 2004 and August 2008, he performed 1,600 cases of liver transplantation.[91]

In February 2014, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University announced the establishment of its Organ Transplant Center and invited Zang Yunjin to become the center’s director. Zang has led his team to realize a so-called “leapfrog development”, and the center’s number of liver transplant operations ranked among the major domestic organ transplant centers, reaching the domestic advanced level. Its liver transplant volume ranked first in Shandong for two consecutive years, and was among top ten in China.[92]

TJYZ003.
Name: Zhu Zhijun

Gender: male

Date of birth: March 1968
Profile: Zhu Zhijun is a doctor of medicine, chief surgeon, professor, doctoral student advisor and currently the vice president of Tianjin First Central Hospital.

He graduated from West China University of Medical Sciences with a six-year undergraduate degree in 1991, received a master’s degree in hepatobiliary surgery from the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Hospital in 1998, and a doctor of medicine degree from Tianjin Medical University in 2011.

Zhu Zhijun is currently a member of the Fifth Committee of the Chinese Medical Association’s Organ Transplantation Branch, deputy chairman and secretary of the First Organ Transplantation Branch of the Tianjin Medical Association, member of the Organ Transplant Immunity Branch of the Chinese Society for Immunology, member of the Second Organ Transplantation Immunology Professional Group of the Chinese Medical Association’s Microbiology and Immunology Branch, member of the 4th Editorial Committee of “Chinese Journal of Hepatobiliary Surgery”, member of the 6th Editorial Committee of “Tianjin Medicine”, member of the 1st Editorial Board of “Organ Transplantation”, member of the editorial board of “Chinese Journal of Endocrine Surgery”, member of the editorial board of the Chinese language edition of “Current Opinion in Organ Transplantation”, invited reviewer for “Chinese Journal of Organ Transplantation”, invited reviewer for “Chinese Journal of Surgery”, expert reviewer for “Journal of Clinical Hepatology”, evaluation expert of the National Natural Science Foundation of China, member of the Expert Group of the Human Organ Transplantation Clinical Application Management Committee under the Ministry of Health, member of the Tianjin Post-Graduation Medical Education Committee, and member of the Tianjin Human Organ Donation Expert Group.               

He has completed more than 1,400 liver transplants of various types, including 150 living donor liver transplants and 40 split liver transplants. He is one of the surgeons, who have independently completed the most number of liver transplants in China.[93]       

TJYZ004.
Name: Cai Jinzhen

Gender: male

Date of birth: August 1974

Profile: Cai Jinzhen is a chief surgeon, doctor, graduate student advisor and Tianjin City’s “131” first-level talent. He is a graduate of the Class of 1993 from the Nan’an No. 1 Middle School in Fujian Province. He graduated from Nankai University (graduate studies) and later obtained a doctoral degree from Shanghai Medical University. He was a visiting scholar at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA).

He has been performing liver surgeries and organ transplantation operations for 15 years, has participated in the management of more than 2,500 liver transplant patients, and has participated in over 1,500 liver transplant operations.[94][95]

His expertise includes pediatric liver transplantation, adult liver transplantation, and multi-organ transplantation of pancreas, small intestines and other abdominal organs.        

TJYZ005.
Name: Song Wenli

Gender: male

Date of birth: October 1968

Profile: Song Wenli is chief surgeon and director of the Kidney Transplant and Pancreas Transplant Department at the Organ Transplant Center of Tianjin First Central Hospital. He is member of the Organ Transplantation Branch of the Chinese Medical Association, member of the Organ Transplantation Branch of the Tianjin Medical Association, member of the Tianjin Medical Malpractice Evaluation Committee, member of the Chinese Hospital Association Blood Purification Centers Branch, and editorial board member of the Chinese language version of “Transplantation”.

Song Wenli graduated from the Medical Department of Tianjin Medical University in 1992, worked in general surgery from 1992 to 1999, and began to work in organ transplantation and hemodialysis in 1999. As of now, he has completed an estimated total of more than 2,000 kidney transplants, including more than 80 living donor kidney transplants, more than 30 kidney transplants for elderly patients (over 70 years old), more than 40 combined liver-kidney transplants, and more than 70 combined pancreas-kidney transplants (among them, four cases were combined pancreas-kidney transplantation with portal venous and intestinal drainage, and 15 cases were combined pancreas-kidney transplantation with vena cava and intestinal drainage).[96]

TJYZ006.
Name: Mo Chunbai

Gender: male

Date of birth: 1962

Profile: Mo Chunbai is an associate chief surgeon, member of the Kidney Transplantation Group of the Chinese Medical Association’s Organ Transplant Branch, expert member of the Tianjin Medical Malpractice Evaluation Committee and medical consultant of CCTV’s “Healthy Road” program.

Born in 1962, Mo Chunbai graduated from the Department of Military Medicine at the First Military Medical University in 1985, with a bachelor’s degree. From August 1985 to September 1992, he was an urologist at the PLA No. 309 Hospital. From September 1988 to September 1989, he attended the Third Military Medical University for advanced studies in urology and kidney transplantation. From September 1992 to September 1999, Mo Chunbai was a chief surgeon at the Department of Urology, the PLA No. 309 Hospital. From September 1999 to December 2003, he was an associate chief surgeon of the Organ Transplantation Center at the PLA No. 309 Hospital. Since January 2004, Mo Chunbai has been associate chief surgeon of the Organ Transplant Center at Tianjin First Central Hospital.

Mo Chunbai began performing kidney transplantation in 1988. During more than two decades, he completed over 1,500 kidney transplants, including nearly 30 cases of combined liver-kidney and pancreas-kidney transplantation.[97]

TJYZ007.
Name: Gao Wei

Gender: male

Date of birth: December 1974

Profile: Gao Wei is a chief surgeon.

He graduated from Tianjin Medical University in 1999, majoring in a seven-year program of clinical medicine. After graduation, he worked in liver transplantation in the Transplant Surgery Department of Tianjin First Central Hospital. He successively served as a resident, general surgery chief resident, transplant surgery chief resident, and is currently a chief surgeon of organ transplant surgery.

He has been engaging in liver transplant surgery for more than a decade and has completed more than 800 liver transplant operations and more than 100 living related liver transplant operations.[98] He is an expert in living donor liver transplantation, pediatric liver transplantation and split liver transplantation.

TJYZ008

Name: Jiang WenTao
Gender: Male,

Date of birth: Jan. 1974

Profile: TianJing First Central Hospital Organ Transplant Center Chief Surgeon, Chief of transplant surgery.

Graduated from TianJing Medical University in 1997 and started working for the General Surgery Department in TianJing First Central Hospital. After the establishment of the Transplant Department Jiang made the transfer to it to start working on Liver Transplant. During the time there he sequentially was Resident Surgeon, General Surgery Chief Resident Surgeon, Transplant Department Chief Resident Surgeon, Transplant Surgery Deputy Chief Surgeon, currently Transplant Chief Surgeon. In 2004 obtained Master’s degree in TianJing Medical School studying Liver Transplant under Shen ZhongYang. In 2005 visited Sweden Karolinska School to study Liver Transplant. From Sept. 2006 to Mar. 2007, studied Live Liver Transplant in Queen Mary Hospital of Hong Kong. From Jun. 2010 to Dec. 2010, studied in vivo endoscopy assisted right half liver hepatectomy techniques in Northwestern University Memorial Hospital in USA.

500+ cadaver liver transplants and 100+ live liver transplants were accomplished in total. [99]

TJYZ009.

Name: Zheng Hong

Gender: male

Date of birth: 1965

Place of birth: Shenyang City, Liaoning Province

Profile: Zheng Hong is vice president of Tianjin First Central Hospital, chief surgeon and professor of organ transplant surgery, member of the International Society of Liver Transplantation, and member of the Organ Transplantation Branch of the Tianjin Medical Association.

He graduated from the Department of Medicine at the Jinzhou Medical College in 1987 and was assigned to the Surgery Department of Angang Hospital. He received a master’s degree and a doctoral degree in oncological surgery from the First Clinical Medical College of China Medical University, in 1994 and 2000, respectively. In July 2000, he joined the Organ Transplant Surgery Department of Tianjin First Central Hospital.

He is member of the Japanese Surgical Society, mainly engaging in the clinical and scientific research of liver transplantation. So far, he has completed more than 600 cases of liver transplantation.[100]

TJYZ010.

Name: Deng Yonglin

Gender: male

Date of birth: 1966

Profile: Deng Yonglin is a chief surgeon at the Organ Transplant Center. He is member of the International Society of Liver Transplantation and member of the Organ Transplantation Branch of the Tianjin Medical Association.

After graduating from the Department of Medicine at Tianjin Medical College in 1988, he worked in clinical work in general surgery. He has been engaging in the clinical work of liver transplantation since 1999. So far, he has independently completed more than 600 cases of various types of liver transplantation.[101]

TJYZ011.

Name: Pan Cheng

Gender: male

Date of birth: 1968

Profile: Pan Cheng is a chief surgeon at the Organ Transplant Center, member of the International Society of Liver Transplantation and member of the Organ Transplantation Branch of the Tianjin Medical Association.

He graduated from the former Zhongshan Medical University in 1992 and worked in general surgery after graduation. In 1998, he started to engage in liver transplantation clinical work. In 2001, he went to the Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh in the US, to study liver transplantation for one year.

Pan Cheng has independently completed more than 1,000 cases of whole liver transplantation and more than 100 cases of living donor liver transplantation. The liver transplantation procedures that he has carried out include classic bypass liver transplantation, classic non-bypass liver transplantation, piggyback liver transplantation, reduced-size liver transplantation, split liver transplantation, liver re-transplantation, living donor liver transplantation and pediatric liver transplantation.[102]

He has conducted in-depth research on subjects, such as donor organ harvesting and preservation, diseased liver resection, vascular anastomosis, liver transplantation preoperative and postoperative management, treatment of portal vein thrombosis in liver transplantation and living donor liver transplantation.

TJYZ012.

Name: Liu Yihe

Gender: female

Date of birth: 1962

Profile: Liu Yihe is chief surgeon at the Organ Transplant Center and director of the Organ Transplant ICU.

She graduated from Tianjin Medical University in 1985. After graduation, she worked in the Emergency Medicine Institute at Tianjin First Central Hospital. She has been engaging in clinical medical work for acute and critical illnesses for two decades. She has served as resident surgeon, attending surgeon, associate chief surgeon and chief surgeon in the ICU ward. She is currently the director of the Organ Transplant ICU at Tianjin First Central Hospital.[103]

TJYZ013.

Name: Wang Zhiping

Gender: male

Profile: Wang Zhiping is a chief surgeon of the Organ Transplant Center.

He has been engaging in urinary surgical work since 1985 and is good at diagnosis and treatment of various urological diseases. He started performing kidney transplantation in 1993.

Wang has experiences in performing several hundred cases of kidney transplantation. In 2005, he took the lead in carrying out related living kidney transplantation in Tianjin, and participated in the first domestic case of living-donor combined liver and kidney transplantation with the right half-liver and right kidney from the same donor at the same time.[104]

TJYz014.

Name: Liu Hang

Gender: male

Profile: He works at the Kidney Transplant Department of the Orient Organ Transplant Center.

Liu Hang graduated from Tianjin Medical University in 1989. He did advanced studies in the Department of Urinary Surgery at the State University of New York from 1996 to 1997. He started to work in the field of clinical kidney transplantation in 2001, and he has completed more than 200 kidney transplant operations since then.[105] He is an expert of diagnosis and treatment of end-stage renal diseases and postoperative management of kidney transplant patients.

TJYZ015.

Name: Song Hongli

Gender: female

Profile: Song Hongli is director and chief surgeon of the Department of Liver and Kidney Diseases at the Organ Transplant Center of Tianjin First Central Hospital.

She graduated from the Department of Medicine at Jinzhou Medical College with a bachelor’s degree in 1987, received a master’s degree in gastroenterology from Dalian Medical University in 2001, and received a doctoral degree in clinical internal medicine from China Medical University in 2005. She has been doing clinical liver disease treatment for more than two decades. In 1995, she did advanced studies in the Department of Clinical Cardiology at the First Affiliated Hospital of Beijing Medical University. In 2005, she was transferred to the Organ Transplant Department of Tianjin First Central Hospital to work in the Department of Internal Medicine for Liver Transplantation.[106]      

TJYZ016.

Name: Yang Tao

Gender: male

Profile: Yang Tao is an associate chief surgeon at the Organ Transplant Center.

He graduated from the Department of Clinical Medicine from Hebei Medical University in 1992, received a master’s degree in medicine from Hebei Medical University in 2000, and received a doctoral degree in medicine from Tianjin Medical University in 2003. Afterwards, he entered the Organ Transplant Center of Tianjin First Central Hospital.

He later started his clinical work in liver transplantation, as well as in the diagnosis, preoperative evaluation and surgery and postoperative management of common liver transplantation, pediatric liver transplantation and living donor liver transplantation, and the diagnosis and treatment of common hepatobiliary surgery.[107] He’s skilled at performing liver transplantation, living donor liver transplantation and pediatric liver transplantation.

TJYZ017.

Name: Zhang Yamin

Gender: male

Date of birth: March 1973    

Profile: Zhang Yamin is a chief surgeon and professor.

From September 1990 to July 1997, he studied in a seven-year clinical program at School of Medicine, Nankai University. In 2002, he received a doctoral degree from the Institute of Organ Transplantation, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, under the tutelage of Professor Xia Huisheng, a well-known surgeon and founder of the liver transplantation discipline in China. From June 2010 to June 2011, he did advanced studies at the Organ Transplantation Research Center of the University of Chicago, USA.

Since July 1997, he has been working in the Department of Surgery at Tianjin First Central Hospital. He has served as general surgery resident, transplant surgery resident, attending surgeon, chief resident and associate chief surgeon. In 2011, he obtained the qualification of chief surgeon. He has been participating in liver surgery and transplantation for 15 years, and he has participated in the preparation and establishment of the organ transplant surgery department at Tianjin First Central Hospital. He has managed more than 800 liver transplant patients. He is able to perform donor liver extractions and new liver anastomosis, and he has independently completed more than 150 liver transplant operations. On behalf of the hospital’s Organ Transplant Center, he presided over more than 30 off-site group consultation liver transplant operations.[108]

TJYZ018.

Name: Huai Mingsheng

Gender: male

Profile: Huai Mingsheng is a doctor of surgery and chief surgeon.

From February 2011 to July 2011, he studied at the Starzl Institute of Organ Transplantation, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, USA, where he studied small intestine transplantation, multiple organ transplantation and perioperative management.

He has been engaging in liver transplantation and hepatobiliary surgery for 12 years. He is good at cadaveric donor liver transplantation, living donor liver transplantation and various surgical liver resections.[109]

TJYZ019.

Name: Zhang Jianjun

Gender: male

Profile: Zhang Jianjun is a chief surgeon at the Organ Transplant Center.

He graduated with a bachelor’s degree in 1990, received a master’s degree in 1995, and received a doctorate in hepatobiliary surgery from Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University in 2001. He joined the Orient Organ Transplant Center in 2001, and he has been doing clinical liver transplantation work since. He has served successively as resident doctor, attending surgeon, associate chief surgeon and chief surgeon at the organ transplant center.

He has participated in more than 500 liver transplant operations. He has treated and managed more than 500 liver transplant patients and completed over 200 liver transplant operations independently.[110]

TJYZ020.

Name: Liu Junduo

Gender: male

Profile: Liu Junduo is an associate chief surgeon at the Organ Transplant Center.

He graduated from the Second Military Medical University, under the tutelage of Professor Li Leishi, a well-known state-level expert in liver and kidney diseases and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering. Liu received a master’s degree, specializing in nephrology, blood purification, kidney transplantation, evaluation and preparation before kidney transplantation, and adjustment of immunosuppression plan after kidney transplant operations.[111]            

TJYZ021.

Name: Tian Dazhi

Gender: male

Profile: Tian Dazhi is an attending surgeon at the Organ Transplant Center.

He graduated from China Medical University in 2003. After graduation, he has been working in the Organ Transplant Surgery Department of Tianjin First Central Hospital. He has participated in more than 1,000 cases of liver transplantation, including more than 100 cases of living donor liver transplantation. He is skilled at donor organ excisions and diseased liver resections.[112]

TJYZ022.

Name: Chu Zhiqiang

Gender: male

Profile: Chu Zhiqiang is an associate chief surgeon at the Organ Transplant Center.

As a doctor of surgery, he performs hemodialysis, and he is good at establishing vascular access, including long-term central venous indwelling catheter, formation of difficult arteriovenous fistulas, artificial vascular fistulas and repairing a large number of arteriovenous fistula occlusion cases. He has published three SCI articles and more than 10 articles in Chinese medical journals. He is an expert in liver transplantation.[113]

TJYZ023.

Name: Zhang Wei

Gender: male

Profile: He is an attending surgeon at the Organ Transplant Center.

He graduated from China Medical University in 2002 with a master’s degree in surgery, and he later worked in the organ transplant surgery department of Tianjin First Central Hospital for six years. He has become proficient in various surgical techniques related to organ transplantation.

He has managed more than 400 patients of liver transplantation, kidney transplantation, pancreas transplantation, combined liver-kidney transplantation, combined pancreas-kidney transplantation and living donor liver transplantation.

TJYZ033.

Name: Li Yanjun

Gender: male

Profile: Li Yanjun is a chief surgeon at the Organ Transplant Center.

He graduated from the Department of Medicine at China Medical University in 1987; received a master’s degree from China Medical University in 1996 and a doctorate in hepatobiliary surgery from China Medical University in 2002.

He has been engaging in clinical surgical work for more than two decades. He has completed several hundred liver transplants for liver cancer and liver cirrhosis.[114] He is an expert in liver transplantation.

TJYZ034.

Name: Zhang Wenhui

Gender: male

Date of birth: 1970

Profile: Zhang Wenhui is an associate chief surgeon at the Organ Transplant Center.

He graduated from Dalian Medical University in July 1993, and received a Doctor of Medicine in Oncology degree from China Medical University in July 2001. He previously worked in the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shenyang Medical College and Liaoning Province Cancer Hospital.

In November 2001, he joined the Orient Organ Transplant Center to engage in clinical work of liver transplantation, including donor liver excision and repair, liver transplant preoperative evaluation, and postoperative management of liver transplantation.[115] He is an expert in liver transplantation for liver cancer.

TJYZ035.

Name: Meng Xingchu

Gender: male

Profile: Meng Xingchu is an associate chief surgeon and M.D. at the Organ Transplant Center.

He graduated from Jiamusi University Medical College with a bachelor’s degree in 1998. He was then admitted into a master’s program in the Medical College, majoring in surgery, and he graduated in 2001 with a degree. Afterwards, he was assigned to the organ transplant surgery department of Tianjin First Central Hospital and worked on liver transplantation. He started to study general surgery at China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University in 2002 and earned his doctoral degree in 2005.

He has been performing liver transplant clinical work since 2001, and he has completed more than 300 cases of liver transplantation, including about over a dozen living related liver transplants.[116]

TJYZ036.

Name: Zhang Weiye

Gender: male

Date of birth: May 1975

Profile: Zhang Weiye is an associate chief surgeon at the Organ Transplant Center.

He graduated from Hebei Medical University in 1998, majoring in clinical medicine. Afterwards, he studied in a master’s degree program at Tianjin Medical University. He has been participating in organ transplant operations for many years.

He has managed more than 700 liver transplant patients. He has participated in more than 300 cases of cadaveric donor liver transplantation, over 40 cases of living donor liver transplantation, over 50 cases of kidney transplantation and several cases of combined spleen-kidney transplantation.[117]

TJYZ037.

Name: Zhang Quansheng

Gender: male

Date of birth: 1969

Profile: Zhang Quansheng is an associate chief surgeon at the Organ Transplant Center.

He graduated from the Department of Medicine at West China University of Medical Sciences. After graduation, he was assigned to perform general surgery at Tianjin First Central Hospital. He was transferred to perform organ transplant surgery in 1998, and he has been working full-time in the field liver transplantation.[118]

TJYZ038.

Name: Guo Qingjun

Gender: male

Date of birth: 1974

Profile: Guo Qingjun is an associate chief surgeon at the Organ Transplant Center. He is skilled at performing liver transplantation.[119]

TJYZ039.

Name: Wang Lianjiang

Gender: male

Profile: Wang Lianjiang is an associate chief surgeon at the Gallbladder Surgery Center.

He graduated from Dalian Medical University in 2001. He worked in general surgery and later in hepatological surgery at Tianjin First Central Hospital. He has been performing organ transplantation and hepatological surgeries. He is skilled at liver transplantation and perioperative management.[120]

TJYZ040.

Name: Wu Di

Gender: male

Profile: Wu Di is a chief surgeon at the Organ Transplant Center and a doctor of general surgery.

He graduated with a master’s degree in clinical medicine from a seven-year clinical medicine program at the School of Medicine, Nankai University in June 2000. He then graduated with a doctoral degree in surgery from Capital Medical University in June 2005. He performs liver surgeries and liver transplants.[121]

TJYZ041.

Name: Cui Zilin

Gender: male

Profile: Cui Zilin is an associate chief surgeon at the Hepatological Surgery Center.

He graduated with a master’s degree in clinical medicine from a seven-year clinical medicine program at the School of Medicine, Nankai University in June 2003. He then graduated with a doctoral degree in surgery from the Second Military Medical University in June 2010.

As an organ transplant surgeon, Cui has rich clinical experiences and solid clinical surgical fundamentals and skills. He’s skilled at performing liver transplants.[122]

TJYZ042.

Name: Wang Kai

Gender: male        

Profile: Wang Kai is an associate chief surgeon.

He started doing clinical cardiovascular surgical work in July 1997. He sequentially worked at the Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Chest Hospital and the Cardiovascular Surgery Department at TEDA International Cardiovascular Hospital.

He was transferred to Tianjin First Central Hospital in 2009 to perform cardiovascular surgeries. He’s especially good at heart transplant surgeries and postoperative management. He has participated in multiple heart transplants as the surgical first assistant.[123]

TJYZ043.

Name: Kong Xiangrong

Gender: male

Date of birth: 1963

Profile: Kong Xiangrong is the director of the cardiovascular surgery department.

He graduated from Harbin Medical University in 1987. He was promoted to attending surgeon in 1992 and to associate chief surgeon in 1996. He was elected vice president of Mudanjiang Cardiovascular Disease Hospital in Heilongjiang Province in 1996. He was promoted exceptionally to chief surgeon in 2000. He served as president of Mudanjiang Cardiovascular Disease Hospital, assistant to the president of the TEDA Cardiovascular Hospital and the hospital’s cardiac surgery department director. He is recognized by the State Council as an expert with special contribution and enjoys the State Council’s special allowance. He was employed as the head of the Cardiovascular Surgery Program of Heilongjiang Province. He is currently the Cardiovascular Surgery Department director at Tianjin First Central Hospital.

He went to Australia and studied coronary artery bypass operations and heart transplantation at The Prince Charles Hospital in 2000. He went to New York, U.S. for further studies in 2002. And he has visited the U.S., Germany, Japan, France, United Kingdom, Switzerland, the Netherlands and other countries multiple times for academic exchanges. Kong Xiangrong started performing heart transplants and clinical work for heart and lung transplantation in 1991. He was one of the first doctors that participated in two heart and two cardiopulmonary transplant operations in 1992. He was awarded Life Technology Advancement Third Prize for his heart transplant works by the Ministry of Health. He has participated in and operated several dozen heart transplants and is one of the earliest cardiovascular specialists, who do heart transplant clinical and research work on in China.[124]

TJYZ044.

Name: Ma Hongshun

Gender: male        

Profile: Ma Hongshun is a chief surgeon at the Organ Transplant Center. He is good at performing kidney transplants.[125]

TJYZ045.

Name: Zhang Weidong

Gender: male

Profile: Zhang Weidong is a chief surgeon and the director of the Thoracic Surgery Department, a professor and a master’s degree student supervisor.

He studied at University of Pittsburgh in the U.S. and directed the first lung transplant in Tianjin City.[126]

TJYZ046.

Name: Zhang Rui

Gender: female

Profile: Zhang Rui is a chief surgeon.

She graduated from Tianjin Medical University in 1987. She has been working in the clinical ophthalmology field for over two decades. She is skilled at performing cornea transplantation.[127]

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