Chapter Two：A State Crime: Ordered by Jiang, and Carried Out by the Army

 

Summary: This chapter follows four distinct evidentiary trails which lead to that Jiang Zemin directly ordered the organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners and gave the army the lead role. The evidence also touches on how harvesting has been commercialized to allow the network of military hospitals and armed police hospitals to share in the financial profits.

Contents
Ⅰ.Four types of evidence showing Jiang Zemin Personally Issued the Order
    Evidence One: Bai Shuzhong, Minister of Health for the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Logistics Department, and Bo Xilai, member of the Politburo admitted that Jiang Zemin directly gave the order to extract organs from Falun Gong practitioners for transplant operations
    1. Investigation recording from Bai Shuzhong, Minister of Health for the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Logistics Department
    Evidence Two: High Level CCP Officials Knew About the Crime of Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
    1.ZhangGaoli, Current Member of Politburo Standing Committee
    2.Zhang Dejiang, Member of Politburo Standing Committee, Director of the NPC Standing Committee
    3. Li Changchun, Member of Politburo Standing Committee
    4.Liang Guanglie, Former Minister of National Defense, Member of Central Military Commission
    5.Guo Boxiong, Former member of the Politburo, vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission
    6.Zeng Qinghong, former member of standing committee of thePolitburo
    7.Zhou Yongkang, former member of standing committee of thePolitburo, Director of the Political and Legislative Affairs Committee
    Evidence Three: Central Political and Legislative Affairs Committee (PLAC) and the 610 System are directly involved in the organ harvesting crime.High-ranking officials of political and legislative affairs further confirmed this crime
    1.Zhou Benshun, Former Secretary-General of Central Political and Legislative Affairs Committee
    2.Wei Jianrong, Former vice director of Central PLAC Office
    3.Tang Junjie, former deputy secretary of PLAC in LiaoningProvince
    4.Secretary Yu working for Luo Gan, former member of the Politburo
    5.A PLAC official surnamed Li
    6.Director of 610 Office at Ji County, Tianjin
    7. Sun Guangtian, Deputy Mayor of Dalian, former Director of Public Security at Dalian
    Evidence Four: Military, Police, Judiciary Systems and Hospitals across China Participated in Live Organ Harvesting
    1.Testimony from a Guard armed with a gun at the live organ harvesting site
    2. PLA 307 Hospital in Fengtai, Beijing
    3.Intermediate People’s Court of Jinzhou
    4. Department of Urology at the PLA 205 Hospital in Jinzhou
    5.Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University in Shanghai
    6. Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region
    7. Chinese Communist Regime Itself Provided Relevant Evidence; The Crime of Organ Harvesting is Undeniable
Ⅱ. The Entire System of Military Hospitals and Armed Police Hospitals is Involved in Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners
    1.The CCP’s Military and Armed Police Hospitals Have Unusually Rich Organ Donor Sources
    2. Military Hospitals Provide Organs for Local Hospitals
III. The Militarization and Industrialization of Harvesting Falun Gong
    1. Military-Dominated Organ Harvesting
    2. The Important Role That Military Medical Agencies have played
    2.1. Special Military-Local Transplantation Experts
    2.2. Military Transplantation Experts Resolve Key Technical Issues
    2.3. Military Hospitals Perform Technical Support for Local Hospitals
    3. The CCP promoted industrialization of organ transplants
    1) Providing huge funds for transplant technology development and clinical practices.
    2) The Chinese health care system is actively promoting organ transplants
    3)Profiteering through organ transplants

Ⅰ.Four types of evidence showing Jiang Zemin Personally Issued the Order

Starting from March 9, 2006, WOIPFG initiated investigation on the organ harvesting crime in hospitals inside communist party’s judicial system, army, and armed police in 31 provinces, and autonomous regions. We recorded more than 2,000 phone conversations (which can be provided for downloading upon request) from a long list of officials, doctors and transplant brokers. These include:

· Five members of the standing committee of the Politburo
· Vice chairman of the CCP’s Central Military Commission
· Central Military Commission memberand former defense minister
· Minister of Health for the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA)
· General Logistics Department
· Central and local political and legislative committees and officials at 610 offices
· Armed police who had personally witnessed live organ harvesting
· Military hospitals across China
· Doctors at transplant departments across China
· Transplant brokers

Evidence One: Bai Shuzhong, Minister of Health for the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Logistics Department, and Bo Xilai, member of the Politburo admitted that Jiang Zemin directly gave the order to extract organs from Falun Gong practitioners for transplant operations[86].

1.Investigation recording from Bai Shuzhong, Minister of Health for the Chinese People’s Liberation Army (PLA) General Logistics Department[87].

September 30, 2014 : Bai Shuzhong admitted to WOIPFG investigator: Back then it was Chairman Jiang … there was an order, a sort of instruction, that said to carry out such things, organ transplantation. … Because back then after Chairman Jiang issued the order, we all did a lot of anti-Falun Gong work …” “….that is to say, it was not just the military who was doing kidney transplants ….” 

As the highest level administrative leader of one of the organizations that carry out harvesting operations, Bai Shuzhong had a key role in transmitting Jiang’s order to slaughter Falun Gong practitioners. His office term was between 1998 and 2004, which intersects with a peak period of the Falun Gong persecution and live organ harvesting. (Recorded conversation can be downloaded here)

A – Bai Shuzhong, former head of the Health Division for the Chinese PLA General Logistics Department
B – WOIPFG investigator

A: Hello?
B: Hello, is this Bai Shuzhong, former head of the PLA General Logistics Department’s health division?
A: Ah, who is that?
B: …, we would like to ask you for some information.
A: You are
B: ah?
A: Whenever, about what? You (can) speak.
B: This is the situation. When you were the head of the health division for the PLA General Logistics Department, regarding taking organs from the detained Falun Gong people for organ transplantation, was it an order from Wang Ke, the then-director of the PLA General Logistics Department? Or did it directly come from the Central Military Commission?
A: Back then, it was Chairman Jiang.
B: Hmm.
A: There was an order, a sort of instruction that said this.
B: Hmm.
A: It instructed to carry out this thing, that is, organ transplantation.
B: Hmm.
A: Later, Chairman Jiang, (I) heard there was an instruction document, about people selling kidneys for transplant surgeries. This, I should say, was not just the military, which was doing kidney transplants.
B: We also obtained some intelligence, that is to say back then, the Joint Logistics Departments (of the Military Regions) had detained a number of Falun Gong people as live donors, is that true?
A: This, this is back then, ah, I think, at least this is how I remembered, because back then after Chairman Jiang issued the order, we all did a lot of work against the Falun Gong practitioners.
B: You guys (the PLA General Logistics Department) and the Joint Logistics Department No. 1, Joint Logistics Department No. 2, including the Joint Logistics Department No.40 subdivision, and the military hospitals they were in charge of, do you have supervisory relationship with them?
A: We directly control the military medical universities, they are directly affiliated with the PLA General Logistics Department, and they received repeated orders, because Jiang paid a lot of attention to this matter back then, and put a lot of emphasis on this matter.
B: Who put a lot of emphasis on this matter?
A: Jiang, it was when Jiang was in power.
B: Hmm.
A: (Jiang) paid a lot of attention to this matter, there were written orders.
B: From 1998 to 2004, you were ….
A: Correct, correct, correct, (I was) the head of the health division for the PLA General Logistics Department, from 1998 to 2004.
B: Okay, we will end here for now.
A: Ok, ok, good, good, in the future, if something comes up, you can ask me, no problem.
B: Ok, good. Thanks, bye.
A: Bye.

On September 13, 2006, when the then-minister of commerce Bo Xilai accompanied the then-premier Wen Jiabao on a visit to Hamburg, Germany, in a recorded conversation, Bo personally admitted that “Jiang Zemin issued the order of live organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners[88]” (the recording, in MP3 format, can be downloaded from here)

In this recording, a person who self-claimed to be the First Secretary at Chinese Embassy in Germany asked Bo Xilai to identify who gave the order for live organ harvesting of Falun Gong practitioners.

Recording of Call (audio file in Chinese, with English transcript below)

Operator: Good evening! Hamburg Atlantic Kempinski Hotel. My name is… (sounds like Hans Motte)
First Secretary: Good evening! Please transfer me to Room 5 ... No, Room 252 (sounds like 252 in German).
Operator: What’s the guest’s name?
First Secretary: Bo.
Operator: One moment, please.
Bo Xilai: Hello, Hello, Hello, Who is this?
First Secretary: Is this Minister Bo Xilai?
Bo: Where are you calling from?
First Secretary: I am from the embassy. I am the first secretary at the embassy.
Bo: Hmm.
First Secretary: I have something urgent. The German Foreign Ministry told us this afternoon, that something needs to be clarified.
Bo: Hmm.
First Secretary: That is, to say, when you were the governor of LiaoningProvince… As this relates to their meeting with you tomorrow, so they would like to clarify. That is, when you were the governor of Liaoning Province, that is, was the order issued by Jiang Zemin, President Jiang, or did you participate in this…That is to say, regarding the matter of live organ harvesting of Falun Gong (practitioners), was that your order or Jiang Zemin’s order?
Bo: President Jiang’s!
First Secretary: The German Foreign Ministry wants to verify. That is, if, if you have been involved in this matter, some of their meetings and specifications of their attendance may have changes. It was said that because Falun Gong (practitioners) submitted a ... (interrupted by Bo Xilai)
Bo: Stop talking about this. You tell your Ambassador Ma (i.e. Ma Canrong, the then-Chinese ambassador in Germany).
First Secretary: No, this thing, immediately, they just submitted (a document) this afternoon. A diplomatic note was delivered to us, saying... (interrupted by Bo Xilai again)
Bo: You go talk to Ambassador Ma. Do not talk to me. Ambassador Ma cannot handle such a thing?

Evidence Two: High Level CCP Officials Knew About the Crime of Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners[89]

WOIPFG conducted an investigation on five members of the standing committee of the Politburo, the Vice chairman of the CCP’s Central Military Commission, Central Military Commission member and the former defense minister. The results confirm:

· Jiang Zemin personally issued the order of organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners
· Zhou Yongkang was directly involved in implementing the policy
· The PLA General Logistic Department is the core organization responsible for organ harvesting

1. ZhangGaoli, Current Member of Politburo Standing Committee

On June 24, 2015, when Zhang went to Kazakhstan on a visit,a WOIPFG investigator who disguised as a secretary working for Jiang phoned Zhang Gaoli, and asked him about Jiang’s order to harvest Falun Gong practitioners[90].  (Recorded conversation can be found in Chapter 6, Section 7).  

2. Zhang Dejiang, Member of Politburo Standing Committee, Director of the NPC Standing Committee

On June 15, 2015, when Zhang Dejiang went to India on a visit. A WOIPFG investigator called Zhang Dejiang in the name of secretary Liu working for Jiang Zemin. When Zhang was asked, “Comrade Jiang Zemin wanted to know, if Zhou Yongkang had confessed the fact that Jiang Zemin made the decision of live organ harvesting from imprisoned Falun Gong practitioners?” Zhang answered, “Can we talk after I am back in China? Okay?” “I am currently abroad, it is inconvenient to talk over the cell phone.[91]” 

(Recorded phone conversation in MP3 format can be downloaded from http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/48017)

3. Li Changchun, Member of Politburo Standing Committee

On April 17, 2012, in a disguised phone call with Li Changchun, a WOIPFG investigator asked Li, “we should use Bo Xilai’s involvement in murdering and removing organs from Falun Gong practitioners to convict Bo..”, Li answered, “Zhou Yongkang is in charge of this specifically. He knows it.[92]” (Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format here.)

4.Liang Guanglie, Former Minister of National Defense, Member of Central Military Commission

The telephone investigation took place during Liang’s trip to the U.S. from May 4 to May 10, 2012. Liang admitted to a WOIPFG investigator that the Central Military Commission held meetings to discuss the issues about Falun Gong practitioners detained by the military and that the military hospitals were involved. Liang suggested that it was the General Logistics Department that should be contacted to collected related information instead[93]. (Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format here.)

5.Guo Boxiong, Former member of the Politburo, vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission 

During GuoBoxiong’s visit to Central America between October 23 and November 4 in 2011, a WOIPFG investigator had a disguised phone investigation with Guo. Guo did not deny the existence of “live organ harvesting from imprisoned or detained Falun Gong practitioners for transplant operations,” he just emphasized that further discussion should be conducted “through telephones capable of maintaining secrecy.[94]”  (Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 formathere.)

6.Zeng Qinghong, former member of standing committee of thePolitburo

On August 8, 2007, Zeng Qinghong attended the 60^th Anniversary Celebration of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. A WOIPFG investigator was able to reach him by calling to connect to his hotel room. During the phone conversation, Zeng did not deny the statement that “Military armies participated in live organ harvesting from detained Falun Gong practitioners,” he emphasized that the investigator (disguised) needs to “through normal channels on your side” to collect information[95]. (Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format from here.)

7.Zhou Yongkang, former member of standing committee of thePolitburo, Director of the Political and Legislative Affairs Committee

On May 29, 2008, a WOIPFG investigator, disguised as “Li Chuncheng, Secretary of Communist Party Committee of Sichuan Province,” talked to Zhou Yongkang, Zhou did not deny the statement that Falun Gong practitioners were held at facilities such as combat readiness warehouses and bomb shelters, he only emphasized that this matter can only be discussed through secret phones[96].  (Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format here.)

Transcripts and MP3 files of recorded message in Evidence Two through Evidence Five can be found at (except the newest evidence from Zhang Dejiang):

Chinese: http://www.zhuichaguoji.org/node/46728       
English: http://www.upholdjustice.org/node/241

Evidence Three: Central Political and Legislative Affairs Committee (PLAC) and the 610 System are directly involved in the organ harvesting crime.High-ranking officials of political and legislative affairs further confirmed this crime.

1. Zhou Benshun, Former Secretary-General of Central Political and Legislative Affairs Committee

In November 2008, Zhou Benshun, the then Secretary-General of Central PLAC, accompanied Zhou Yongkang, the director of Central PLAC, on a visit to Australia. A WOIPFG investigator disguising himself as Yang Hui, Head of the Second Department of PLA General Staff Headquarter, tried to collect testimony from Zhou Benshun. Zhou admitted, “Such things as live organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners in our country - it does exist in our country.” When asked, of all the staff member on the visit that time, who was involved or had contact with this state secret?” Zhou did not answer directly; instead, he emphasized that it must go through the embassy to be able to talk to him for further information.

Zhou Benshun was the vice secretary-general and later secretary-general of the Central PLAC from 2014 to 2013. Ultimately, he was one of the high-level officials and organizers who was involved in the implementation of harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners[97]. (Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format MP3)

2. Wei Jianrong, Former vice director of Central PLAC Office

On September 26, 2008, former vice director of Central PLAC Office Wei Jianrong admitted that live organ harvesting from detained Falun Gong practitioners “started a long time ago.[98]” (Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format here.)

3. Tang Junjie, former deputy secretary of PLAC in LiaoningProvince

Liaoning Province was suspected to be the very first province involved in large-scale live organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners. On April 13, 2012, when the former deputy secretary of PLAC in Liaoning Province Tang Junjie was asked “What kind of directions or commands did Bo Xilai give regarding removing organs from Falun Gong practitioners,” Tang answered, “I was asked to take care of this task. Party central is actually emphasizing  this.” … “At that time we mainly discussed it during the meetings within the Standing Committee.[99]” (Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format here.)

4. Secretary Yu working for Luo Gan, former member of the Politburo

When CCP started the persecution of Falun Gong, Luo Gan was the director of central PLAC. On October 28, 2006, Luo Gan’s secretary surnamed Yu said, “it’s not easy for me to explain it to you clearly in a short conversation” and he asked the disguised investigator to call him from a secret phone[100]. (Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format here.)

5. A PLAC official surnamed Li

In September 2008, a PLAC official in Beijing surnamed Li said,“Officials above department level know this secret.[101]” (Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format here.)

6. Director of 610 Office at Ji County, Tianjin

Director of 610 Office at Ji County, Tian Jin, admitted to a WOIPFG investigator that the human corpses sold by Bo Xilai’s wife GuKailai “were not just limited to corpses of Falun Gong practitioners.[102]” (Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format here.)

7.Sun Guangtian, Deputy Mayor of Dalian, former Director of Public Security at Dalian

On September 18, 2012, a WOIPFG investigator disguised himself as the secretary of Xia Deren, Deputy Secretary of CCP Committee of Liaoning Province, and tried to collect testimony from Sun Guangtian, who was the director of Public Security at Dalian from 2000 to 2003. They talked about Bo Xilai and his wife’s involvement in selling Falun Gong practitioners’ corpses[103]. (Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 formathere.)

Evidence Four: Military, Police, Judiciary Systems and Hospitals across China Participated in Live Organ Harvesting[104]

1.Testimony from a Guard armed with a gun at the live organ harvesting site

On September 11, 2013, WOIPFG published “Collection of Evidence of Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners by the Chinese Communist Party[105]”. In this report, an armed police who used to be an armed guard at the live organ harvesting site testified that he witnessed the entire process of organ harvesting from a Falun Gong practitioner.In 2002, the witness was working for the public security (police) system of Liaoning Province and he participated in illegal arrests and torture of Falun Gong practitioners. Among them was a female Falun Gong practitioner in her 30s who had wounds and scars covering her entire body, after a week of torture and force-feeding. 

At that time, Wang Lijun, the chief of Jinzhou Public Security Bureau, had told the police that they “must eradicate them all”. On April 9, 2002, the Public Security Bureau of Liaoning province sent a military surgeon from the General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region of People's Liberation Army and another military surgeon who had graduated from the Second Military Medical University. While the female practitioner was fully conscious, without using any anesthesia, they harvested her heart, kidneys and other organs. (Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format here.)

2. PLA 307 Hospital in Fengtai, Beijing

Chen Qiang is the kidney broker representative for the PLA 307 Hospital in Bejing[106]. He admitted that, officials, police, and the prison operation act like an assembly line in the harvesting of Falun Gong practitioner. (Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format here.)

3.Intermediate People’s Court of Jinzhou

A police from the first division of criminal law at the Intermediate People's Court of Jinzhou says: “If the conditions (referring to prices) are good, I think we can still provide (organs)[107].”(Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format here.)

4. Department of Urology at the PLA 205 Hospital in Jinzhou

Director of Department of Urology Chen Rongshan said, “donor organs come from detained Falun Gong practitioners, who went through the court.[108].” (Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format here.) Chen also guaranteed to keep the organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners for organ transplantation secret[109].(Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format here.)

5.Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated with Fudan University in Shanghai

A surgeon at the Liver Transplant Center offered consultation to an investigator posing as a buyer[110].

Investigator: Are there any organs from Falun Gong practitioners? I heard that this kind is generally very good…
Doctor: What we have here is all this type.
(Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format here.)

6. Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region

Investigator: We found that kidneys from young donor are good.  Another thing is that the kidneys from Falun Gong detainees are indeed better. Do you have this kind?
Zhu: We do not have many Falun Gong (practitioner)kidney sources either.
Investigator: You still have some of this (kidney from Falun Gong practitioner) kind?
Zhu: It is not difficult to find Type B kidney (Falun Gong practitioner’s donors). If you want, you can come; we will do it pretty soon, definitely before May 1.
Investigator: Do you have one batch prior to May 1?
Zhu: We will have several batches.
Investigator: How about after May 1?
Zhu: If you wait until after May 1, it will be more likely to be around 20 May.
Investigator: If you could obtain Falun Gong (practitioner)kidney sources in this period of time, could you let me know?
Zhu: No problem, you come over and we can talk then...

(Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format here.) [111]

7. Chinese Communist Regime Itself Provided Relevant Evidence; The Crime of Organ Harvesting is Undeniable

In 2008, the Chinese embassy in Canada provided to the public a TV program produced by Hong Kong Satellite TV in an attempt to deny the charge of live organ harvesting from Falun Gong practitioners[112].

In the program, Luo Guoping, Guangxi National hospital Urology transplant doctor, admitted that he was the person who answered a phone call from a WOIPFG investigator on May 22, 2006. This demonstrates that WOIPFG’s investigation is valid.

Investigator: Do you think they can find a donor body from Falun Gong (practitioners)for me?
Lu: If you go there it shouldn’t be a problem at all.
Investigator: They can find it?
Lu: I can tell you, it’s an easy job for them to get organs.
Investigator: Easy job?
Lu: Since they do seven or eight liver transplants a week, they can do over ten kidney transplants a week. Every month they do dozens of transplants. So they don’t worry about getting organs.
Investigator: Did your schoolmates tell you he used the organs from Falun Gong practitioners, did he?
Lu: Some are from Falun Gong(practitioner), some are donors from family.

(Download the recorded phone conversation in MP3 format here.)

Top surgeons from all over the country admit that Falun Gong practitioners were used as organ donors and guarantee that, in most cases, they can arrange the transplant within one or two weeks.

Table 2  Hospitals that Admitted Using Falun Gong Practitioners’ Organs in Phone Recordings

Hospital	Confirmation of Falun Gong practitioners as source
1.The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) No. 307 Hospital	Chen Qiang, a surgeon of the hospital’s transplant department and kidney broker, admitted that the CCP officials, police and prison authorities orchestrate and operate the trade in Falun Gong practitioners’ organs, and they could even provide identification information, proving that the organ donors were indeed Falun Gong practitioners[113].
2.The People’s Liberation Army No. 205 Hospital	Chen Rongshan, the head of the Urology Surgery Department admitted that the “donors” were detained Falun Gong practitioners, and this was done through the court[114] .
3.Tianjin First Central Hospital	Director Song said, “We have similar situations (Falun Gong practitioner organs).[115]”
4.Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University in Shanghai	A surgeon said, “What we have here are all of this type (i.e. Falun Gong practitioners).[116]”
5.Affiliated Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Shanghai First People’s Hospital)	Surgeon Dai said, “There is one kind, the ones doing the practice. Their bodies are very good. [117]”
6.Guangxi National Hospital	Urology transplant surgeon Lu Guoping admitted the hospital used Falun Gong practitioners as the source[118].
7.Third Affiliated Hospital of SunYat-senUniversity	Falun Gong practitioners were used as the source for organs[119].
8.General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region	Investigator: If you could obtain Falun Gong (practitioner) kidney sources in this period of time, could you let me know? Surgeon Zhu Yunsong: No problem, you come over and we can talk then...[120]
9.Second Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Medical University	Investigator: What about kidney sources from prisoners who practice Falun Gong at your place? Doctor: I would say not bad[121].
10.Wuhan Tongji Hospital	Investigator: Using supplies of live organs from Falun Gong (practitioners), is that ok? Answer: It's not a problem[122].
11.Shandong Qianfoshan Hospital	Investigator: There are some livers come from Falun Gong practitioners. So I want to know if you have this type or not? Doctor: Um. You just need to come[123].
12.Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region	Director Tang of kidney transplant department said, “If it is available from Falun Gong (practitioners), then we use it.[124]”
13.First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University	Cardiovascular surgery department and research lab director Shen Zhenya said, “Falun Gong practitioners,..., Yes, we also have. We had one case this year…[125]
14.The Second Artillery General Hospital	Lu Wei, deputy director of transplant department, “(We) still do (organ transplants) right now. In the past, we used Falun Gong (practitioner) donors[126].
15.Beijing Anzhen Hospital	Deputy Chief Physician Zeng Wen of cardiac surgery department said, “I think you also know where the majority of donors come from. I think you know this very well, so we don’t have to say it out explicitly…[127]
16.Second Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, Beijing Yuquan Hospital	Surgeon Li Honghui said they could provide Falun Gong practitioners’ kidneys[128].
17.Chengdu City Air Force Hospital	Director Xu Yahong said that there would be a batch of kidney donors in the middle of May, 2006, and that the hospital could provide young and healthy Falun Gong practitioners’ organs[129].
18. Foshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangdong Province	Ophthalmology department doctor Liang Xianjun said, “The previous donors were Falun Gong (practitioners) and condemned prisoners.[130]”
19.Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College	A surgeon said that there would a batch of organ donors coming to the hospital in mid-April, 2006. The practitioners had better health. The kidneys were from young people of 20-30 years-old, with no infectious diseases, AIDS or syphilis[131].
20.General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region	A doctor said, “Falun Gong practitioners? Oh, that has nothing to do with you. You just want to have a kidney transplant operation? Rest assured, (the donors) we have are all young guys in their 20s.[132]”

Ⅱ. The Entire System of Military Hospitals and Armed Police Hospitals is Involved in Live Organ Harvesting from Falun Gong Practitioners

Ever since the Chinese communist regime launched the persecution of Falun Gong practitioners in 1999, the all the General Army Hospitals, armed police force, hospitals affiliated with military Medical colleges, 12 General Hospitals in 7 military zones, and hospitals identified with a PLA number started or expanded the practice of organ transplants.  At least 37 military and armed police hospitals in China have carried out more than 1,000 operations in a single category.

· For example, the Armed Police General Hospital carried out 200 to 300 liver transplants in a single year. This matches the total number of operations in 20 to 30 years, performed by a U.S. military hospital of a similar caliber.

· Shi Bingyi, director of the Transplantation Center of the Second Affiliated Hospital of the People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, claimed in a March 2009 report[133] that he had “completed more than 1,580 kidney transplants and more than 360 kidney transplants in recent years[134].” Even the largest army hospital in the United States cannot match a fraction of his number of cases.

· As of December 2014, the CCP’s military and armed police hospitals have completed 116,665 cases of kidney transplant and 26,497 cases of liver transplants.

Table 3: List of Military Hospitals With More Than 1,000 Kidney and Liver Transplants (Including Estimates)

Name of Hospital	Number of Kidney Transplants	Number of Liver Transplants	Total
General Hospital of the PLA	3,524	770	4,294
General Hospital of the PLA Navy	Several hundred	Several thousand	Several thousand
PLA No. 309 Hospital	4,629	800	5,429
First Affiliated Hospital of the GeneralHospital of the PLA (No. 304 Hospital)	1,500		1,500
General Hospital of the PLA Air Force	1,500	500	2,000
Affiliated Southern Hospital of the Southern Medical University	8,680	1,191	9,871
Zhujiang Hospital of the Southern Medical University	4,200	420	4,620
Long March Hospital Affiliated With the Second Military Medical University of the PLA	5,481	2,790	8,271
No. 3 Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University of the PLA (Oriental Liver and Gallbladder Surgery Hospital)		5,000	5,000
Southwestern Hospital Affiliated With the Third Military Medical University of the PLA	2,000	1,540	3,540
Xinqiao Hospital Affiliated With the Third Military Medical University of the PLA	5,190	146	5,336
Daping Hospital Affiliated With the Third Military Medical University of the PLA	1,898	146	2,044
Xijing Hospital Affiliated With the Fourth Military Medical University of the PLA	2,250	400	2,650
Nanjing General Hospital of the Nanjing Military Region of the PLA	10,000		10,000
Fuzhou General Hospital of the Nanjing Military Region	4,210	723	4,933
General Hospital of the Jinan Military Region	2,731	120	2,851
General Hospital of the Shenyang Military Region	3,300	650	3,950
General Hospital of the Guangzhou Military Region	2,250	391	2,641
Wuhan General Hospital of the Guangzhou Military Region	1,500	100	1,600
General Hospital of the Chengdu Military Region	1,700		1,700
The PLA No. 307 Hospital	1,500		1,500
The PLA No. 181 Hospital	2,900	520	3,420
The PLA No. 452 Hospital	1,500		1,500
No. 281 Hospital of the Beijing Military Region	1,375		1,375
The PLA No. 254 Hospital	2,612		2,612
Tianjin Hospital of the PLA Air Force	2,613		2,613
The PLA No. 264 Hospital	1,000		1,000
The PLA No. 101 Hospital	1,575		1,575
The PLA No. 303 Hospital	3,000	400	3,400
The PLA No. 161 Hospital	1,940		1,940
The PLA No. 458 Hospital	2,250	200	2,450
No. 153 Central Hospital of the PLA	2,117		2,117
The PLA No. 463 Hospital	3,000		3,000
General Hospital of the Armed Police	3,187	1123	4,310
Affiliated Hospital of the Armed Police Medical University	3,000		3,000
General Hospital of the Shaanxi Province Armed Police	1,307		1307
General Hospital of the Anhui Province Armed Police	1,150		1150

1. The CCP’s Military and Armed Police Hospitals Have Unusually Rich Organ Donor Sources

Our investigation reveals that military hospitals have ample donor organs. Not only are the number of their transplants very large, but they also have enough organs to export. Many hospitals which also have a large number of donor organs have said that the donor organs are from the military.

Among these military hospitals, there is one privately run Xi’an High-tech Hospital, a Sino-foreign joint venture established in 2003. Since Shi Bingyi, the director of the military’s Organ Transplant Center, served as its chief surgical expert, the hospital performed more than 500 kidney transplant operations and more than 10 liver transplants within two years[135].  Taiping Hospital in Dongguan is a township hospital. However, with the support of Zhujiang Hospital, a former military hospital, Taiping Hospital had performed more than 3,000 cases of kidney transplant before 2007, and it claimed to be the second largest hospital in China, in terms of the organ transplant operations[136].

Table 4: Military Hospitals Had Ample Organs

Military Hospital	Information on Organ Donors in Military Hospitals
The PLA No. 452 Hospital (Air Force Hospital in Chengdu)	Investigation in 2006 showed: Li Honghui, a kidney transplant surgeon with the Affiliated Hospital of Tsinghua University, said that due to abundant donor sources in Chengdu, Sichuan Province, he was transferred to support the local military hospital. For three consecutive days, the hospital’s doctors admitted that there were young, healthy donors, who practiced Falun Gong[137].
General Hospital of Shenyang Military Region	The ophthalmology department of the hospital has the largest eye bank in the military system and in the Northeastern region[138]. It claims to have ample donor sources[139]. This hospital has the largest number of corneal transplants performed within the Northeastern region. Moreover, it is the only hospital that can provide corneas on demand[140].
The PLA No. 303 Hospital	A doctor said: The hospital has a very good pipeline to obtain organs, and it has more donors than many other hospitals.
General Hospital of Beijing Military Region	The hospital’s Liver Transplant Center started clinical liver transplants in 1999, claiming “Liver transplant is a routine operation.” “We have established a fast and well-connected channel to obtain donor livers. We can obtain high quality donor livers not only from Beijing and surrounding areas, but also from other provinces and cities.[141]”
General Hospital of Jinan Military Region	During the May 1 public holidays in 2001, Jiang Hua, from the ophthalmology department of Jinan Military Region General Hospital, led his entire department to continuously perform corneal transplants. During the day, they went to other locations to collect corneas, and in the evenings, they performed surgeries. They worked around the clock every day for the entire week[142]. This article published in 2009 says in the end, “Over the years, many holidays were spent in this way”. In “a lot of holidays”, they went to other places to collect corneas, and then they would immediately perform the transplants. This indicates that the corneas were freshly cut, and they were not taken from any eye bank. Not to mention, “eye banks in China are basically in a state of zero inventory”[143].

2. Military Hospitals Provide Organs for Local Hospitals

Table 5:  Military hospitals provide organs for local hospitals

Local hospitals	Information on military hospitals providing organs for local hospitals
First Affiliated Hospital of JinanUniversity	Peng Xuemei, an anesthesiologist, who has performed organ transplants with Ding Hongwen at the First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, said that they had many donor organ sources, including the NanfangHospital with a military background[144].
Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University	“The donors are found directly from the military.[145]”
Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University	Reporter, “I heard a lot of organs are controlled by the military, it is said that there is a hospital in Shanghai getting donors directly from the source”. Tan Yunshan, “The livers are all taken from the sources”[146].
Yiyang City People’s Hospital	Kidney Transplantation section claims, “With the collaboration of the PLA General Hospital and Kidney Transplant Center of First Military Medical University Affiliated Hospital, we choose the best kidneys with comprehensive examination in advance to ensure the quality of matching, so that the donor kidney selection could be the most suitable.[147]”
Shanghai Purui Eye Hospital	On May 15, 2011, the director of Guangzhou Air Force Hospital’s Department of Ophthalmology, Jing Lianxi, visited ShanghaiPuruiEyeHospital. Jing said, “The Guangzhou Air Force Hospital, with our unique advantages, will provide high quality corneas to ShanghaiPuruiEyeHospital.[148]” The so-called unique advantages would be the ample supply of high quality corneas.
Second Affiliated Hospital of Hubei Medical University	This Hospital swap Falun Gong practitioner donors with Wuhan General Hospital of Guangzhou Military Region[149].

III. The Militarization and Industrialization of Harvesting Falun Gong

1. Military-Dominated Organ Harvesting

The evidence suggests that large-scale harvesting organs from living Falun Gong Practitioners was ordered directly by Jiang Zemin, systematically arranged by the Center Military Commission and implemented by the army and local hospitals with different roles.  Chinese Communist Party has established a militarized one-stop industry of  living organ harvesting and transplantation by "Killing on Demand", which is in the core of General Logistics Department, dominated by the military, implemented by armed police forces, political and legal system, health care system and organ agents[150].

In the report on April 2006 from Sanlian Life Weekly, industry sources revealed that 98% organ transplantation sources are not controlled by the health care system, which implies that the military as well as political and legal system dominate Chinese organ transplantation industry and control the organ sources[151]. 

The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) is led by Chinese Communist Party (CCP), and it is one of a few armies in the world which belongs to party not the country.  It is a tool of the CCP to rule the people of China.

In the army, the General Logistics Department plays a key role.  It cooperates with the Armed Police Forces, the Political and Legal System, and the Health Care System. It short listed the Falun Gong practitioners who were arrested when they went to Beijing to petition and who were arrested and kidnapped in the rest of the country. The practitioners were blood tested. The data were input into computer system. A huge living organ bank was set up. Then the sources are deployed nationwide to ensure that the living organ suppliers can be found within the shortest time. The General Logistics Department controlled the dispatch, transportation, handover, security and accounting with its unique army methods involving both secrecy and centralization[152].  

After the CCP began to persecute Falun Gong practitioners, we found that military hospitals recruited many transplantation experts from local hospitals to enter the army. They have trained many army doctors to perform large numbers of organ transplantations.  Approximately 100 hospitals began to expand the scale of their organ transplantations while medical Staff in the field of organ transplantation exceeded 2,098.  In essence, Chinese military hospitals became homicide agencies - number one in quantity of organ transplantation among armies in the world, while still providing organs and technical support to local hospitals. 

By contrast, among the 250 US hospitals that are involved in organ transplantation, only 8 belong to the military, and there sole purpose is to provide services to veterans. Even Walter Reed Army Medical Center, has only about 30 cases of transplantations every year.  Portland Transplant Center, the first one to carry out liver transplantation in the US military, only had 252 cases of transplantations since 1989.  Annual liver transplantations in the US military hospitals is only equal to a fraction ofthe transplants that one Chinese military hospital or one transplantation expert performs within one year[153].

2. The Important Role That Military Medical Agencies have played

We found that Chinese military, armed police forces, and public security hospitals not only extract, sell, and transplant organs from living Falun Gong practitioners in large quantity and simultaneously undertake to transplant organs for Chinese leaders and dignitaries, but also provide technical support to local hospitals to train surgeons. 

2.1. Special Military-Local Transplantation Experts

Famous transplantation experts from local hospitals have been specially recruited to enter the army and armed police forces.  They have trained lots of transplantation doctors for these agencies, and, in return, they and the local hospitals that they work for will receive abundant organs.

Shen Zhongyang is the chief transplantation expert of the Central Health Care Committee[154]. He assisted in establishing an organ transplantation institution for the armed police forces in Beijing and Jinan, as well as the liver transplantation center at Qianfoshan Hospital. In 2003, he founded the liver transplantation center for General Hospital of Chinese People's Armed Police Forces in Beijing, and served as the director of the center. The center conducts the most liver transplantation surgeries each year in the Beijing area[155].After Shen Zhongyang joined the Armed Police System, his Orient Organ Transplant Center has been supplied with an abundance of organs. In only a few years, the center became No. 1 in the world in the number of conducted liver transplants.

Zang Yunjin studied liver transplant surgery at Thomas E. Starzl Transplantation Institute, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center (UPMC) as a visiting scholar between September 1999 and December 2000. His adviser was professor John J. Fung, the president of the International Liver Transplantation Society at that time. Zang returned to Chinain December 2000. He founded the liver transplant sector of Qianfoshan Hospital in Shandong Province. He also helped establish the Shandong Liver Transplantation Center, a branch of Orient Organ Transplant Institute. In January 2005, Zang joined the Liver Transplant Institute at General Hospital of Chinese People’s Armed Police Forces. In April 2005, he was appointed as the deputy director, chief physician and professor of the center[156].

Shen Zongyang[157]and Zang Yunjin[158]had both been issued PLA Grade-3 expertise certificate. According to the PLA rules, Grade-3 expertise certificate holders have the same-level benefits as generals. Only the Central Military Commission has the authority to evaluate Grade-3 expertise certificate candidates, and it is the chairman of the CMC himself that awards Grade-3 expertise certificates[159]. There are a surprising number of Grade-3 experts in the PLA No. 309 Hospital. Not only over a dozen party committee members of the hospital are of Grade-3[160], many associate chief physicians are also of Grade-3. This suggests how important the CCP’s Central Military Commission regards organ transplantation as, and further corroborates what Liang Guanglie said—the CMC had held meetings to discuss the issues of live organ harvesting on Falun Gong practitioners.

2.2. Military Transplantation Experts Resolve Key Technical Issues

The CCP media has reported that Jiang Zemin met four times with Mengchao Wu, "the Father of Chinese Hepatobiliary Surgery", Chief Advisor of Army Organ Transplantation Academic Conference, President of Orient Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital of the Second Military Medical University.  Jiang has personally signed the order of CMC, holding an award ceremony to give Wu the title of "Model Medical Experts" and issue him the so-called “Hero Metal Level I”.  This is because he leads Orient Hepatobiliary Surgery Institute (also called the Third Affiliated Hospital of the Second Military Medical University) to resolve the key technical issues of liver transplantation rejection and its treatment[161].

Mengchao Wu has won the 2005 State Supreme Science and Technology Award.  The award ceremony was held in Shanghai First Military Medical University Hall.  On behalf of General Logistics Department of PLA, Gong Sun, the Political Commissar awarded one million yuan to Mengchao Wu on January 17,  2006[162].  Wu had completed more than 4,000 liver transplantations by 2010[163]. 

On October 10, 2011 the Propaganda Department of CCP, Ministry of Health, General Political Department of PLA, General Logistics Department of PLA and Shanghai Municipal Commission jointly held so-called "The Public Lecture on Mengchao Wu's Heroic Deeds".  Caihou Xu, Former Vice Chairman of the Central Military Committee of CCP, and Xilong Liao, Chief of General Logistics Department of PLA attended the lecture.  The above two are key figures in the military organ harvesting apparatus[164].

2.3. Military Hospitals Perform Technical Support for Local Hospitals

The quantity of transplantation equipment in lots of local hospitals - even including small town hospitals and hospitals that have just opened - is surprisingly advanced.  Their transplantation experts come from military, and the organs are suspected to be from the military hospitals too.

In Issue 11, Volume 3, November 2003 of Chinese Journal of Medicine, an article named "Personal Understanding about Guiding Postgraduate in Clinic Practice of Kidney Transplantation", written by two kidney transplantation doctors from the Nanfang Hospital of Guangzhou First Military Medical University[165].  The article claims:

"With the increase of kidney transplantation in our surgery, our university attracts lots of young doctors from military and other places of the country to study postgraduate and doctor courses in kidney transplantation field.  After completing theory part, they need to practice in our surgery for 6-8 months. Nephrectomies from kidney donor is very important part of kidney transplantation.  It needs to reduce ischemia time and ensure safety of donor kidney in the variety of complex conditions from damage during the process of cutting.  ......with the increase of intern's participation in extracting donor kidney, they are required to follow the instructor to complete the extraction step by step.  ......at the beginning they were unfamiliar with kidney transplantation, but by the end of the practice they become a relative skilled kidney transplantation doctors.  After they graduated from the University, they are assigned to work in different hospitals and become technique experts."

Table 6   A partial list of military hospitals providing consultants and surgeons organs for local hospitals

Local Hospital	Detailed Information
Xi’an High-Tech Hospital	The hospital was opened in 2003. It hired Shi Bingyi, director of the PLA No. 309 Hospital Organ Transplant Center as chief expert. Within two years, it performed more than 500 cases of kidney transplants and more than 10 cases of liver transplants[166].
Taiping People’s Hospital in Dongguan	This is a township hospital located in Dongguan. In 1996, the hospital’s surgeons started performing kidney transplants. As of 2007, they had carried out more than 3,000 cases of kidney transplants during the 11-year period, to be ranked second in the transplant numbers in China[167].They also helped an armed force hospital in Shenzhen conduct organ transplants[168]. Li Jie is the chief surgeon at the Department of Transplants at Taiping People’s Hospital in Dongguan, Guangdong Province (now the Fifth People’s Hospital in Dongguan). He participated in more than 4,000 kidney transplant operations and personally performed 500 such operations. He has also participated in more than 50 liver transplant operations and personally performed over 12 of them[169].
First People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University	Tan Jianming is the deputy director of the Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region and director of the hospital’s Department of Urology Surgery. He is a key administrator overseeing the establishment of the national-level clinical transplant department, and the director of the PLA’s OrganTransplant Research Center. He has performed more than 4,200 cases of kidney transplant[170].
First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University	Wu Mengchao, who is the dean at the Oriental Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital of the Second Military Medical University, is the honorary director of the center, and he can perform liver transplants[171].
Maoming Municipal People’s Hospital	The Department of Urology of Maoming Municipal People's Hospital, in cooperation with Zhujiang Hospital of First Military Medical University, performed the first successful kidney transplant in Maoming area, and treated numerous patients who suffered from kidney failure caused by kidney diseases[172].
Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University	In February 2014, Zang Yunjin, former deputy director of the Institute of Liver Transplantation at the Armed Police General Hospital, was officially appointed director of Organ Transplant Center and liver transplantation division at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University[173].
Beijing You’an Hospital	In June 2014, Director Zang Yunjin of Armed Police General Hospital joined the medical team of You’an Hospital. You’an hospital claimed that Zang’s leadership shall help the hospital build a first class liver transplant center in Beijing[174].
Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University	Sha Guozhu, from 1996 to 2010, was an attending doctor and deputy chief physician of the Kidney Disease Institute at the Nanjing General Hospital of the PLA. In 2010, Sha began operating at Zhongda Hospital of Southeast University and has performed more than 500 cases of kidney transplant as chief operating physician.  Shu has cared for several thousand patients from Zhongda hospital and other hospitals following their kidney transplant operations[175].
Xiangya Hospital of Central South University	Xiangya Hospital has very close ties with the Kidney Transplant Center at Nanjing General Hospital. Li Leishi and Liu Zhihong, academicians of Chinese kidney diseases, were appointed as chief scientists of Nephrology and Blood Purification Institute of Central South University[176].

3. The CCP promoted industrialization of organ transplants

As the witnesses who exposed the Sujiatun concentration camp said: in the view of the CCP, Falun Gong practitioners were no longer be treated as human beings, but rather as raw materials, or a commodity. Their bodies were to be used for organ transplant donors, or medical experiments.

This new medical ethos laid the foundation for the explosion of organ transplants in China.

1) Providing huge funds for transplant technology development and clinical practices.

Chinese authorities spent huge sums to build a large number of transplant technology research centers and biomedical engineering laboratories in some local and military medical colleges. This research led the rapid development of Chinese organ transplant industry; at the same time, there were a number of large-scale organ transplants hospitals conducted the corresponding clinical practice, and giving birth to the related new technologies in the industrial sector.

The Third Xiangya Hospital in Changsha was a key hospital constructed in 'The Eighth Five Years', and its fixed assets was 0.55 billion yuan. In 2001, its Institute of Medicine Transplantation spent 80million yuan to build a transplant dedicated building with150 beds[177]. On June 3, 2005, the Xinhua News Agency reported that a National Engineering Research Center for transplantation had been settled in the Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South University. Huang Zufa, the Research Center Director said the hospital was at the forefront of the country in biomaterials, tissue engineering, tissues and organ transplantation, and the next goal is to build a national transplant engineering center with scientific research, clinical, development, production in a single facility[178].

In 2004, "Liberation Daily" reported that the Shanghai Science and Technology committee set up a variety of organ transplantation" major research topics" in 2002 with an investment of 8 million yuan, to promote clinical research of the heart, liver, lungs and other major organs transplants in Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, Ruijin Hospital of The 2nd Medical College, No. 1 hospital, Great Eastern Hepatobiliary Hospital of No. 2 Military Medical School, and Municipal Pulmonary Hospital. In 2003, the total number of organ transplants in Shanghai was more than10 times of that in 2001, and had become the number one facility both "nationally and internationally" in many areas. Its "liver and abdominal organs transplantation" and" living donor liver- kidney transplantation" obtained the 2003 Shanghai clinical medical achievement award[179].

Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital of Southwest Hospital of the Third Military Medical University located in Chongqing was established as a key laboratory of the PLA for liver transplant and the liver transplant center of PLA, with world-class advanced equipment, multiple functional laboratories, and is one of the largest hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery at home and abroad. The hospital also helped and guided 21medical institutions in Jiangsu, Shandong, Guangdong, Shaanxi, Henan, Yunnan, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Guizhou, Fujian and other provinces in liver transplant. The website claims that it had 50 postdoctoral and doctoral students, 75 master students, and a total of 762hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery scholars, who had become hepatobiliary and pancreatic surgery technology academic leaders in many locations including in the PLA[180].

Qianfoshan Hospital in Jinan had eight hundred hospital beds prepared, and kidney, liver, testes, lung and cornea transplantations were very common in the hospital. The hospital is now the School of Clinical Medicine in Shandong University, having 44 Ph.D. and Master student advisors, and more than 90 adjunct professors in Shandong University with clinical teaching tasks in Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Weifang Medical College, Taishan Medical College, Binzhou Medical College, Provincial Medical School and other medical institutions[181]. The hospital’s fully organized "flow" process includes the practice of organ harvesting from living Falun Gong practitioners, and has colluded with provincial prisons and provincial Women's Prisons, labor camps, forming a complete "train killing industry" from living organ banks to living organ harvesting to surgical transplant to organ transplantation market intermediaries to the division of financial benefits[182].

Tsinghua University, Peking University, People's Congress, Fudan University, Tongji University, Central South University, Jilin University, Huazhong Science and Technology, Shanghai Jiaotong University Affiliated Hospital of famous universities, Guangzhou Zhongshan University, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Lanzhou University, etc., and nearly all Affiliated Hospital of Medical Universities are vigorously carried out organ transplantation, as well as conducting related clinical experiments and teaching[183].

2) The Chinese health care system is actively promoting organ transplants

In March 2006, Vice Minister of Health Huang Jiefu said, "For a hospital to pass AAA hospital assessment, one of the fixed targets is that it must complete over five cases of organ transplants. So organ transplantation has become competitive resources for the standard and the branding of hospitals. Currently nationwide kidney, liver, heart and other organ transplant hospitals are not too few, but too many"[184].

In China, organ transplants access system is based on both administrative allocation and medical standards – so-called "walking on both legs". On the one hand, the administrative department of medical management assigned organ transplant quota for different regions; for example, it required several hospitals in the western part of Guangdong Province to conduct an organ transplant, as well as several in eastern part of Guangdong Province. Some hospitals which were not equipped or below standard, launched the organ transplants immediately because of the assigned "quota"; on the other hand, some hospitals applied access to the relevant departments to carry out organ transplant, creating opportunities to reach the standard; driven by huge profits, many more hospitals with little hope of reaching hospital standards, also started organ transplants without application for approval[185].

Mao Xiaoling, Minister of Qualification Assessment in Guangdong Medical Association said that"Among 50 hospitals applying for organ transplants in the province, 18 were did not make the cut, but some of these hospitals are still conducting organ transplants. As far as I know, there are now at least a dozen hospitals in Guangdong doing organ transplants without applying for approval, yet because of a lack of administrative supervision and punishment, we could only watch them continue to operate." Currently no data shows the number of hospitals doing organ transplants in Guangdong and how many transplants the hospitals have completed[186].

3)Profiteering through organ transplants

The General Logistics Department will allocate donors to military hospitals and some local hospitals through multiple channels. Its operation model is to be paid directly in cash (foreign currency) when providing donors to the hospital, with the hospital self-financing the pay-out to the General Logistics Department. Organs sold to local customers are just for extra profit, with the wider aim to utilize local hospitals as advertising for overseas[187].

Since the profits of transplanted organs would not be accounted for in the military budget, and the layers of the organ harvesting system were maintained by the military, organ harvesting from living Falun Gong practitioners and organ trafficking have become a way of making money with zero costs, and military officials are benefitting directly from the General Logistics Department budget. For example, medical gross income of organ transplant center of 309 Hospital, the "PLA Organ Transplant Center", named by General Logistics Department Ministry of Health,  increased from 30million yuan in 2006 to 230million yuan in 2010, with a 5-year growth of nearly 800%[188]. In another example, Daping Hospital of No.3 Military Medical University started performing organ transplants in the late 1990s, and the annual income of the hospital increased from 36 million to over 900 million yuan[189]​​.

Other major medical institutions in all regions had been rapidly expanding the scale of organ transplantation. Many unqualified hospitals have also established organ transplant centers without approval of CCP Ministry of Health. Moreover, even the Chinese Medicine Hospital, Children's Hospital, MCH, forensic hospitals and county hospitals have also been competing in organ transplant operations, and share part of the profit of harvesting organs from living Falun Gong practitioners.

 

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